Objectives To analyse the economic and social benefit of improvement of latrines in countryside of Hunan province,China.Methods 6 counties were selected as observational points based on the character of geographical position and the types of non-hazard treatment of feces.The lab tests,questionnaire investigation,retrospective survey and mathematical models were used and the prevalance rate of intestinal infectious diseases and infectious rate of parasite were analyzed.Results All the three types of non-hazard treatment facilities fulfiled the requirement of The Hygeian Standard of the Fecal Decontamination.Compared with the villages without improvement of latrine,the infectious rates of parasite was lower by 61.32%,the prevalance rate of intestinal infectious diseases by 45.25%,and the incidence rates of infectious diarrhea by 42.62% in villages where the latrines improved.The improvement of latrine will save 28 379.1 yuan for one year and 2.45 yuan for one person in preventing intestinal infectious diseases and infectious diarrhea.Conclusion Three types of non-hazardous treatment of feces have obvious effectiveness on disease prevention,which will produce distinct economic and social benefit.

Objective:To explore the diagnosis and treatment strategy of complex post-sternotomy mediastinitis with exposure of artificial implants (hereinafter referred to as implants).Methods:This study was a retrospective observational study. From January 2016 to January 2023, 16 patients with complex mediastinal infection with implant exposure after thoracotomy who met the inclusion criteria were admitted to Peking University First Hospital, including 9 males and 7 females, aged from 21 to 74 years. The infected wounds were subjected to multiple thorough debridement and negative-pressure wound therapy until the infection was controlled, and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination was used to guide the operation after every debridement. During the operation, 5 cases of deep mediastinal pacing lead exposure, 1 case of deep mediastinal pacing lead exposure combined with pericardial patch exposure, 5 cases of pericardial patch exposure, 3 cases of artificial blood vessel exposure, and 2 cases of artificial blood vessel exposure combined with pericardial patch exposure were observed. Partial or complete implants were removed during debridement, therefore 8 patients who completely removed the middle mediastinum implants during the operation were included in the implant complete removal group. Then, according to the defects of the sternum and its surrounding soft tissue, unilateral or bilateral pectoralis major muscle flaps were used for chest wall reconstruction. The remaining 8 patients whose implants could not be completely removed were included in the implant partial removal group. The greater omentum flaps were used to cover the implants and fill the mediastinal defects. Two weeks later, the thigh medium-thickness skin grafts were transplanted on the surface of the greater omentum flaps. After debridement, the wound area was 20 cm×6 cm to 35 cm×10 cm. The area of pectoralis major muscle flap ranged from 15 cm×8 cm to 20 cm×10 cm, and the area of greater omentum flap ranged from 30 cm×15 cm to 40 cm×25 cm. The bacterial culture and high throughput sequencing test results of wound tissue samples of all patients were counted in the first debridement surgery. The hospitalization time, the time for C reactive protein (CRP) to decrease to normal level, and the number of operations were counted for all patients, and the above indexes of the two groups of patients were compared. During the follow-up, the wound recurrence of the patients was observed.Results:The positive ratio of bacterial culture in wound tissue samples was 14/16 in the first debridement surgery, and the positive ratio of high throughput sequencing test was 16/16, with staphylococcus aureus as the bacteria causing most infection among patients. Except for one patient who died during the treatment (a patient in implant partial removal group), the hospitalization time was (56±5) d, the time for CRP to decrease to normal level was (18.9±2.2) d, and the number of operations was (4.5±0.5) times in the remaining patients. Compared with those in implant partial removal group, the length of hospital stay and the time for CRP to decline to normal level of patients in implant complete removal group were significantly shorter (with t values of 3.12 and 3.12, respectively, P<0.05), and the number of operations of patients in implant complete removal group was significantly decreased ( t=3.38, P<0.05). All 15 surviving patients were followed up for more than 6 months, and no recurrence of mediastinitis was observed. Conclusions:The treatment of complex mediastinal infection with exposed implants after thoracotomy is difficult, especially the wounds when the implants cannot be completely removed during debridement. The application of contrast-enhanced MRI examination combined with transplantation of tissue flap such as greater omentum flap and pectoralis major muscle flap can achieve good repair effect.