Thirty adult hands were dissected under dissecting microscope, and it was found that the nutrient arteries of the superficial thenar muscles arise from the nearby branches directly or indirectly from the radial artery. They take a centripetal course supplying the muscles from the periphery towards the center. Both the muscles and arteries are superficially located with abundant anastomoses between the vessels. From the morphological point of view, it is less likely that there will be ischemic contracture of the muscles if the arteries are compressed.

The arteries of the palmar part of the hand were examined in 50 hands of adult under the operating microscope.The arteries of the hand are arranged at three main levels: the superficial palmar arteries, the deep palmar arteries and the dorsal network. The arterial anastomoses between the levels may be divided into 2 groups: the marginal and the central anastomoses, the former which is situated at the radial and ulnar borders of the palm can be subdivided into superficial and deep groups, the latter is located in the central part of the palm including the direct and indirect anastomostic branches, the proximal and distal perforating branches, and the intermetacarpal perforating branches. The deep arch and its branches, as the center in the total arterial architecture of the palmar part of the hand, closely links with the arteries of the superficial and dorsal ones, playing an important role in regulating the collateral circulation of the hand.The flow formula of the Poiseuille's law indicates that the significant correlation exists between the arterial diameter and the blood flow. For the variety of diameter of each portion of the anastomostic branches, we inferred that the main source of blood flow in the superficial arteries is the ulnar artery and in the deep is the radial artery. The blood within the marginal anastomoses flows from palmar to dorsal, the central mainly from the deep arch and its branches.The dominant parts of the collateral circulation of the hand were found, that is, the deep arch dominantes over the superficial arch and the dorsal network, the central anastomosis over the marginal, the deep branches of the marginal over the superficial branches.The arrangement of the digital arteries has been discussed.

The arteries of thirty human adult upper extremities, injected with red lead oxide, were treated with angiography, sectional dissection and photography. A microcomputer was used to determine the positions of the vessels and reconstruct the arterial system of the hand.The arteries of the palm are arranged in 2 or 3 layers. The area of three layers were only observed in the middle portion of the palm. The divisions of the territories of the radial and ulnar arteries are not the same in different layers. The anastomotic branches in the palmo-dorsal direction are usually observed in the third, fifth and seventh sections. There are three chief anastomotic channels between the radial and ulnar arteries in the palm, i.e. the deep palmar arch, the superficial palmar arch and a third pathway. The patterns of the blood supply in the palm and its clinical significance have also been discussed.

In many textbooks and literatures the superficial circumflex iliac artery (SCIA) is generally described, but only its superficial main branch (SMB) is referred, Its deep main branch (DMB) is always neglected, though it is present constantly. In 56％ of fifty cases we studied the SCIA trunk possesses both these main branches.The SMB is present in 86％ of the cases studied. After it originates from the trunk, it usually emerges promptly from the back of deep fascia into the subcutaneous layer. The points of emergence were found in an area around a center located 15 mm lateral and 10 mm below the origin of femoral artery. The course of the SMB can be marked as a line which located between a point 15 mm below the origin of femoral artery and anterior superior iliac spine. The SMB supplies an area along the lateral half of inguinal ligament, and its terminal branch usually turns upwards to the lateral portion of the abdominal wall.The DMB is a constant branch in our cases. It runs parallel to and 15mm beow the inguinal ligament, It supplies the upper lateral portion of the thigh, and its terminal branch usually turns downwards and laterally into the superficial layer of the gluteal region. The site where the DMB penetrates the deep fascia was found in an area around a center located 20 mm below the anterior superior iliac spine.The caliber of each of the two main branches is intimately correlated with the size of the skin which supplies. The course of the(SCIV)is similar to one of the main branches of the SCIA or runs between them (70％) The axes, thickness, size of the groin skin flaps were discussed.

1000 fibulae of Chinese adults were observed and measured. It was found that the angle between the capital articular surface and the long axis of fibula is positively correlated with the circumference of the fibula. In 84.3% among the 1000 specimens, the body of the fibula posesses four borders and four surfaces. It would be more rational, if the nomination of these surfaces were based on their muscle attachments.The average maximum length of the fibula is 340.42?22.76 mm, the smallest circumference is 33.68?4.40 mm, the middle circumference is 39.52?4.99 mm. The caliber index, middle caliber index and the diaphyseal index were calculated respectively. The results obtained show that the side difference as a whole was statistically insignificant, but the diameter at the middle part is an exception. In the paired bones, there are more cases with larger circumference and diameter at the middle on the right side than on the left.According to our observations, some of the relationships between the morphology and function of the fibula were discussed.

In 82% of fifty groin regions of the cadavers studied, the superficial external pudendal artery (SEPA) possesses an upper and a lower main branches (UMB, LowMB). In 66% of them, the two main branches come from one common trunk and in the rest, they arise independently. Most of the SEPA trunks or main branches arise from the femoral artery. The penetrating points of the SEPA trunk or main branches through the cribriform fascia are located at the medial or lateral margin of the terminal end of the great saphenous vein around a center 10 mm medial and 50 mm distal to the origin of femoral artery. If the SEPA trunk or main branches are crossing the great saphenous vein, it is frequently found that the SEPA trunk and LowMB are crossing behind but the UMB in front of it.The UMB supplies the suprapubic, prepubic and medial part of the inguinal regions. A line which connects a point 50 mm distal to the origin of femoral artery with the pubic tubercle is suggested as the axis of UMB free skin flap. The LowMB supplies the upper part of anterior medial femoral and prepubic regions. A line which is parallel to the pubic crest and 50 mm distal to the origin of femoral artery is suggested as the axis of LowMB free skin flap. The caliber of each of the two main branches is intimately correladed with the area of the skin which they supplied.In 82% of cases, two sets of superficial veins are not present. These superficial external pudendal veins are also the accompanying veins of the corresponding arteries.The advantages of using these vessels as skin flap pedical vessels were discussed.

Objective To provide anatomic proof for the localization in neck operation and clinical diagnosis of infection and tumor infiltration. Methods A total of 15 cadaver heads and necks were sectioned on transverse plan with cryosection. The layers and characteristics of the deep cervical fascia were observed. Results The deep cervical fascia was divided into four layers with the fasciae of the infrahyoid muscles being a single layer. The deep layer of the deep cervical fascia was subdivided into alar fascia and prevertebral fascia. The carotid sheath was composed of all the layers of the deep cervical fascia. Conclusion The model figure of the deep cervical fascia is obtained.

Objective To study the sectional anatomy of the heart with esophagus to provide the sectional anatomic data for transesophageal echocardiography(TEE). Methods Hearts with esophaguses were sectioned at the angles of 0?, 45?, 90? and 135? relative to the human cross section by frozen section technique. The sectional anatomic structures were observed and analyzed. Results A total of 140, 130, 44 and 130 slices were obtained at the angles of 0?, 45?, 90? and 135?, respectively. The anatomic structures of the key slices were described. Conclusion The thin sections of the heart can clearly display the anatomical details of the inner structures of the heart, which may play an important role in the clinical application of TEE.

Objective To find out the best orientation and section for diagnosing rheumatic heart disease using multiplane transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Methods The visible heart was compared with the images by multiplane TEE for the establishment of the best orientation and section for multiplane TEE for the diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease. Results The best orientation and section of mitral valve detected by multiplane TEE were the four chamber view at 0? orientation at the end part of esophagus. The best orientation and section of aorta valve were short axis section of the heart at 45? orientation and long axis section of the heart at 135? orientation at the middle part of the esophagus. The best orientation and section were the short axis section at 45? orientation and the oblique short axis section at 0? orientation of the aorta valve at the middle and the upper part of esophagus. Conclusion The best orientation and section of TEE based on the study of the visible heart are helpful to simplify the operation procedure of multiplane TEE and to shorten the examining time.

The pattern and distribution of vimentin intermediate filament in synovial cell in vitro were observed by means of immunohistochemistry,confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) and three-di-mentional photograph reconstruction on adherent cell analysis and sorting (ACAS 570). The result showed that vimentin presented spongy stero-structure in whole cytoplasmic space. The reconstructed three-dimentional photograph was similar to the appearance of the cultured synovial cell. The relationship between the distribution of vimentin and the morphological change of cultured synovial cell in different growth period was discussed in this paper.