Chemotherapy remains the main treatment for many cancer patients. However, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated multidrug resistance poses severe challenges to current chemotherapies. As ideal vectors to overcome drug resistance, nanovehicles are extensively explored for cancer treatment by diverting P-gp mediated drug efflux mechanisms. Surface engineering of nanocarriers has attracted great attention for targeted therapeutic delivery. The folate receptors, one of the most researched targets in cancer therapeutics, are over-expressed in several carcinomas. And folate has become one of the most investigated ligands in cancer therapeutic direction due to its small size, easy conjugation to nanocarriers, nontoxic, nonimmunogenic nature, and well stability in storage or in circulation. This review discussed the current status of folate functionalized nanoparticles in diverting P-gp mediated drug efflux mechanisms.

Objective To study the effect of antimitochndrial antibody(AMA) and antinuclear antibodies(ANA) on anti-human immunodeftcfency vius(HIV) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Methods By differents the result of weatern blot(WB),the tests were divided into two groups:experiment and control groups.The experiment group was divided into 2 sub group(A,B).Results There was signiftcant difference between experiment group A and control groups(P

Objective To explore the biocompatibility of nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 (nHA/PA66) with human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) after osteogenic induction.Methods After hBMSCs were isolated and cultured in vitro,the experiment was conducted in 3 groups.Group A were hBMSCs subjected to no osteogenic induction,group B hBMSCs subjected to osteogenic induction,and group C was the composite of nHA/PA66 with hBMSCs subjected to osteogenic induction.Adhesion of the cells onto the nHA/PA66 in group C was observed by electron microscope scanning.Growth and proliferation of the cells in groups B and C were detected by MTI test at 1,2 and 3 weeks.The ability of osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs in vitro was analyzed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red staining.The ability of osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs on nHA/PA66 was tested by ALP activity.Results Electron microscope scanning showed that the cells spread and attached well on the surface of the composite scaffold in group C;the proliferation of the cells in groups B and C showed no significant difference (P ＞ O.05).These suggested that the proliferation of hBMSCs was not affected by nHA/PA66.The number of mineralized nodules in group B was significantly larger than in group A (P ＜ O.05);the ALP activity of the cells in group A was significantly lower than in group B at 6 and 12 days (P ＜ 0.05);no significant differences were observed between groups B and C (P ＞ 0.05).These indicated that the hBMSCs were capable of osteogenic differentiation which was not affected by nHA/PA66.In groups B and C,the ALP activity of the cells at 12 days was significantly higher than at 6 days,indicating the ALP activity increased with increased induction time (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion nHA/PA66 can be used as a carrier of hBMSCs in bone tissue engineering because hBMSCs can well adhere to,proliferate,and differentiate into bone on nHA/PA66 scaffolds.

AIM:To investigate the effect of adenovirus-medicated decorin gene transfer into rat mesangial cells(RMCs)on the expression of decorin,TGF-?1 and the extracellular matrix(ECM)components.METHODS:Rat mesangial cells were transfected with recombinant adenovirus vector of decorin,the levels of mRNA for decorin,TGF-?1,collagen type IV and fibronectin were estimated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.RESULTS:The transfection of AD-DCN significantly increased decorin mRNA expression compared with negative control(P

BACKGROUND:Orthopedists should pay more attentions to nonunion prevention in view of nonunion treatment, that is, active interventions should be taken to avoid bone delayed union and nonunion.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of composite tissue-engineered scaffold constructed by nano-hydroxyapatite/polyamide 66 (nHA/PA 66) combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels to repair a femoral fracture with severe nonunion.
METHODS:Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels were isolated and culturedin vitro, and then they were divided into three groups: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels without osteogenic induction, with osteogenic induction or combined with nHA/PA 66 folowed by osteogenic induction as control group, test group or composite group, respectively. Then osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem celsin vitrowas analyzed by measuring alkaline phosphatase activity and alizarin red staining, cel adhesion on the nHA/PA 66 was observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the celgrowth and proliferation were detected by MTT assay. In the meanwhile, established Sprague-Dawley rat femur nonunion models were randomly divided into three groups: the areas of nonunion were implanted with nothing as blank control group,those were with nHA/PA 66 as simple scaffold group, and the others were with nHA/PA 66 combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels as composite scaffold group. Afterwards, X-ray examination, micro-CT and Masson staining were used to evaluate the femoral healing.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At 6 and 12 days after osteogenic induction, alkaline phosphatase activity in the test group was significantly higher than that in the control group; at 14 days, compared with the control group, the amount of mineralized nodules in the test group was significantly higher, which indicated that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels after osteogenic induction could differentiate into osteoblasts. Attached cels spread wel on the scaffold with good proliferation activity, suggesting that nHA/PA 66 is suitable for cel adherence, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Besides, at 12 weeks after modeling, in the blank control group, no calus appeared in the nonunion region. In the simple scaffold group, the broken femur did not heal at 8 and 12 weeks after surgery. In the composite scaffold group, the broken femur did not heal at 8 weeks, but a lot of calus appeared; at 12 weeks, bone healing achieved and the scaffold was encased and absorbed.These findings demonstrate that the tissue-engineered bone scaffolds constructed by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels and nHA/PA 66 effectively prevent bone nonunion by accelerating femoral healing in a rat femur nonunion model.

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation is superior to neural stem cell transplantation to repair spinal cord injury; however, the therapeutic effect is unstable and possibly related to microenvironment.OBJECTIVE: To study the differentiation of cultured in vitro bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into neurocytes by establishing a microenvironment and to observe differential expression of protein.DESIGN, TIME, AND SETTING: Observational contrast study was performed at the Laboratory of Neurobiology, Basic Medical College, Harbin Medical University from July 2005 to May 2007.MATERIALS: Adult Wistar rats and newborn fetal rats were used in this study.METHODS: Spinal cord was obtained from fetal rats to culture neurocytes. While, BMSCs were separated from bone marrow of adult rats, and they were then cultured in vitro, proliferated, and labeled with red fluorescin PKH26. BMSCs and neurocytes were individually cultured in the BMSCs group and the neurocyte group, respectively. In addition, BMSCs and neurocytes were co-cultured in vitro in double-layer culture dish in the co-culture group and the layered combination group, respectively.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The obtained cells after 7-day culture were immunofluorescently detected by neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS) technique was used to analyze associated protein that was apparently changed during the differentiation from BMSCs into neurocytes.RESULTS: Seven days after co-culture, BMSCs were morphologically shared like neurocytes. Immunofluorescence indicated that NSE- and GFAP-positive ratios of BMSCs in the co-culture group were significantly higher than the layered combination group (P < 0.05); while, the ratios in the layered combination group were significantly higher than BMSCs alone group (P < 0.05). Five protein expressions were changed during the differentiation from BMSCs into neurocytes, for example, TIP39_RAT and CALC_RAT expressions increased in the layered combination group, which were 5.344 and 2.805 times as the primary expressions; INSL6_RAT, PNOC_RAT, and PCSKI_RAT expressions decreased, which were 0.380, 0.499, and 0.437 times as the primary expressions.CONCLUSION: By a microenvironment, both BMSCs and neurocytes in the co-culture and layered combination groups can differentiate into neuroblasts; while, contact differentiation ratio is higher than non-contract one. The differentiation is closely related to five proteins, including TIP39_RAT, CALC_RAT, INSL6_RAT, PNOC_RAT, and PCSK1_RAT.

Objective To investigate the effects of Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine (PA) on proliferation and invasiveness of the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line MHCC97L with metastatic potential. Methods Proliferation, growth curve, plate efficiency, flow cytometry, transwell invasion assay, cell motility assay, scarification test, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) protein activity were evaluated after cells were treated with PA at various concentrations. Results PA can inhibit the proliferation and plate efficiency of MHCC97L cell markedly in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 of cells treated with PA for 48 h and 72 h was 3.1 ×108/ml and 1.9 × 108/ml, respectively. The doubling time increased and plate efficiency decreased gradually when cells treated with 0.5 × 108/ml, 1 × 108/ml and 2 × 108/ml PA (P＜0.01). PA could induce cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in a dose-dependent manner by flow cytometric analysis. The average amount of invading cell per field in cell invasion assay and motility assay were 4. 8 ± 1.3 and 8. 8±2.2 when cells treated with 1× 108/ml PA, which was significantly lower than that of control group (8. 6±2. 1 and 15. 6±1.2 ) (P＜0.01) Scarification test showed that the metastatic ability of cells treated with 1 × 108/ml PA significantly lower than that in the control group. Comparison between cells treated with 1 × 108/ml PA and control group, no remarkable difference was found regarding expression of VEGF and MMP2 in supernatant of cell culture. Conclusion PA can inhibit proliferation and plate efficiency of HCC cell line MHCC97L, which is in part mediated by the cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. PA could inhibit invasiveness of HCC cell line MHCC97L, which is unrelated to the VEGF and MMP2 protein activity.

Aurora A plays a key role in cellular mitosis. It is located in the centrosome and spindle, and is mainly involved in the processes of centrosome maturation and separation, bipolar spindle assembly, and the regulation of mitotic progression. Recent studies have suggested that Aurora A is involved in tumorigenesis and tumor development through multiple mechanisms. Overexpression of Aurora A could cause abnormal centrosome amplification, aneuploidy formation, and G2/M checkpoint defects, which result in chromosome instability and imbalance between cell division and apoptosis, and eventually leads to abnormal cell proliferation. Aurora A also participates in the regulation of the p53 and BRCA1 pathways, leading to suppressor gene dysfunction and changes in cell viability, and it induces telomerase activity by upregulating c-Myc, resulting in tumorigenesis. In addition, Aurora A also induces drug resistance in liver cancer cells. Thus, Aurora A has gradually become a new target for cancer therapy in recent years. This paper has summarized the recent studies on Aurora A, and reviewed its biological functions in cell mitosis and roles in liver tumorigenesis.

Objective To evaluate correlation of radial head fracture with forearm interosseous membrane (IOM) injury.Methods Twenty-six patients with radial head fractures were studied prospectively between September 2007 and June 2010.There were 15 men and 11 women,with an average age of 37.6years (range,21-53).According to the Mason classification,there were 7 cases of type Ⅰ,9 cases of type Ⅱ,10 cases of type ⅢL All patients were subjected to forearm X-ray,CT scans and the MR within a week.Clinical and radiographic data of all the patients were collected.Spearman rank correlation statistical analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the radial head fracture and the IOM injury.Results The radial head fractures and IOM injury were directly related.The IOM injury was noted in all type of radial head fracture.The more severity radial head fracture had,the more IOM injury happened.In Mason Ⅰ-Ⅲ fractures,IOM injury was found in 2,4 and 7 cases respectively.The different degree of radial head fracture caused different effects on IOM injury.The severity of radial head fracture was correlated with damage degree of IOM.In Mason type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ fractures,the IOM injury were just partial disruption with distal part of the IOM and did not reach the biomechanically essential central band.In type Ⅲ fractures,central band disruption was found in 3 cases.Conclusion Mason Ⅰ-Ⅲ radial head fractures are associated with forearm IOM injury.There was a positive correlation between radial head fractures and IOM injury.If IOM lesions are suspected,magnetic resonance imaging should be performed,especially Mason Ⅲ fractures.

Objective To evaluate family economic burden of children with autism, or with physical disability or with intellectual disability.Methods227 parents of children with autism, children with physical disability, children with intellectual disability and normal children were interviewed for their family economic burden.ResultsThe medical cost and caring cost of children with disability were significantly more than those of normal children, and the education cost, clothes cost and amusement cost of children with disability were significantly less than those of normal children. Family income was only affected by education level of parents. Families of children with disability received more economic assistance than families of normal children except families of autistic children. More children the family had, less economic assistance the family acquired. Compared with normal children, the family economic burden of children with disability were as following, children with autism (19582.4 RMB per year), children with physical disability (16410.1 RMB per year), children with intellectual disability (6391.0 RMB per year). ConclusionFamilies of children with autism, children with physical disability and children with intellectual disability had heavier economic burden than families of normal children.