OBJECTIVETo study the technology of extracting flavonoids from Choerospondias axillaris by percolation.

METHODThe optimum extraction process was selected by orthogonal design, and the factors of concentration amount of ethanol and soaking time were investigated. Total flavonoids was determined by spectrophotometer to compare the effect of extraction.

RESULTThe optimum extraction process was that added 8 times 60% ethanol and then impregnated for 48 h.

CONCLUSIONThe technology is stable and feasible, it's suitable for industrial production.

Anacardiaceae ; chemistry ; Chemical Fractionation ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; isolation & purification

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of interventions on patient trust Methods: A system review was conducted through searching 11 relevant databases, such as Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, SinoMed, CNKI, WANFANG. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were screened from 1539 original studies according to inclusion and exclusion criteria Meta-analysis was used to evaluate and interpret the interventions. Results: Ten RCTs were included in the review. It was concluded from meta-analysis that no significant difference could be found between controlled and intervention groups by increasing doctors'abilities(SMD = -0.05, 95％ CI: -0.22 -0.12); while the other two interventions, doctor's information disclosure as well as patient education and nursing intervention, significantly enhanced patient trust (SMD = 0.13, 95％ CI: 0.06 - 0.21; SMD = 0.60, 95％ CI: 0.29 - 0.90). Conclusion: Doctor's information disclosure, patient education and nursing intervention are effective in increasing patients'trust, while intervention of doctor's ability promotion seems not so remarkable.

OBJECTIVE To stud y the s patial distribution and spatial aggregation of pharmacist resources at provincial level in China from 2010 to 2020，and to provide reference for the optimal configuration of pharmacist resources. METHODS Taking the 2011 China Health Statistics Yearbook ，2016 China Health and Family Planning Statistics Yearbook ，2021 China Health Statistics Yearbook and China Statistical Yearbook as data sources ，the spatial distribution of the number of pharmacists per capita in each province in China was described ，and the current situation of pharmacist resource spatial aggregation were analyzed by using global spatial autocorrelation and local spatial autocorrelation methods. RESULTS In 2020，the number of pharmacists per capita in China had certain differences among provinces ，with the highest in Beijing reaching 6.9 people/10 000 people，and the lowest in Hebei at 2.7 people/10 000 people. From 2010 to 2020，the number of pharmacists per capita in all provinces had increased ，with the largest increase in Guizhou （50.6％）and the smallest increase in Liaoning （3.1％）. Results of the global spatial autocorrelation showed that the clustering degree of pharmacist resource allocation per capita decreased gradually from 2010 to 2014. Spatial aggregation of pharmacist resource allocation per capita increased to certain extent from 2016 to 2019，and remained stable in 2020. Results of local spatial autocorrelation showed that Sichuan ，Yunnan and Guizhou presented a low-low aggregation pattern in 2010，while Tianjin presented a high-high aggregation pattern ；in 2015，Sichuan and Yunnan presented a low-low aggregation pattern ，while Tianjin presented a high-high aggregation pattern ；in 2020，Shandong presented a low-low aggregation pattern ，while Tianjin presented a high-high aggregation pattern. CONCLUSIONS From 2010 to 2020，there was a spatial clustering phenomenon in the allocation of pharmacist source per capita at the provincial level in China ，and pharmacist resources are correspondingly concentrated in the Beijing ，Shanghai，Guangzhou and Shenzhen and the economically developed Yangtze River Delta region.

OBJECTIVE: To construct an effective lentiviral vector for RNA interference (RNAi) with human glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3)gene.
 METHODS: Four pairs of shRNA sequences against different parts of GLUT3-mRNA were separately cloned into the RNAi plasmid vector pLV-shRNA by recombinant DNA technology to construct shRNA expression vectors pLV-shRNA-GLUT3-1, pLV-shRNA-GLUT3-2, pLV-shRNA-GLUT3-3, and pLV-shRNA-GLUT3-4. The vectors were transfected into HeLa cells to detect the effectiveness of GLUT3 gene silencing. One of effective vectors was selected and co-transfected into 293T cells with lentivirus packaging plasmids to obtain packaged lentivirus particles LV-GLUT3. After viral titer determination, U251 glioblastoma cells were infected with LV-GLUT3 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. Finally, the expression of GLUT3 protein was detected by Western blot. 
 RESULTS: DNA sequencing demonstrated that the shRNA sequences were successfully inserted into the pLV-shRNA vectors. In HeLa cells, the expression of GLUT3-mRNA was significantly down-regulated by the recombinant vectors compared with negative control. The recombinant lentivirus LV-GLUT3 harvested from 293T cells had a titer of 1.5×10(9) TU/mL. After infection with LV-GLUT3, the expression of GLUT3 protein in U251 glioblastoma cells was down-regulated. 
 CONCLUSION An effective lentiviral shRNA expression vector targeting the GLUT3 gene is successfully constructed and can be used for further study on the functions of GLUT3 gene.
Genetic Vectors ; Glucose Transporter Type 3 ; genetics ; HEK293 Cells ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Lentivirus ; Plasmids ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics ; Transfection

Objective: To systematically review the barriers and facilitators affecting the implementation of clinical pathways for the clinical pathways. Methods: PubMed, Embase, CNKI, CBM, Wanfang, Cvip databases were searched to collect articles about clinical pathways implementation barriers and facilitators from inception to January 4th, 2019. The tool of confidence in the evidence from reviews of qualitative research(CERQual)was used to grade the confidence of each study. Results: A total of 43 articles from 12 countries were included.There were 8 main categories and 31 subcategories of the barriers about clinical pathways, including content of the clinical pathways, negative outcomes of clinical pathways, physicians knowledge, physicians attitude, resource availability, implementation of activities, patients factors and social factors. The first three barriers of high confidence were lacking of time, capital, equipment, staff and other resources(15 articles, 34.9%), increasing workload(14 articles, 32.6%), unrecognizing pathways(12 articles, 27.9%). There were 6 main categories and 28 subcategories of the facilitators about clinical pathways, including pathways content related, physician related, resource factor and implementation activity. The first three facilitators of high confidence were communication, education and training(25 articles, 58.1%), supporting from managers and colleagues(21 articles, 48.8%)and establishing a clinical pathway facilitation committee(17 articles, 39.5%). Conclusions The successful implementation of clinical pathways connects with its development process, aftereffect evaluation and feedback. It will be implemented effectively only by the completely and environmentally acceptable pathways design, adequate resources, effective organizational activities, continuous audit, evaluation and feedback and physicians active cooperation.