Disseminated malignancy is the main cause of cancer-related death.The spontaneous circulation of tumor cells is responsible for distant metastasis;therefore it is of potential importance to specifically and sensitively detect the circulating tumor cells,which not only allows for more accurate prediction of cancer prognosis,but also helps to tailor individualized anticancer treatment.This paper reviews the enrichment,detection and analyzing methods of circulating tumor cells.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effects of free fibula and flap grafts on the repair of all the first metatarsal bone at one stage.Methods There were 9 cases with the first metatarsal bone defect from Janurary 2003 to December 2009 that treated with free vascularized fibular bone and free vascularized flap at one stage.In which 6 cases reconstructed at the primary stage and 3 cases reconstructed at the second stage.Seven cases reconstructed by free vascularized fibular combined with ALTPF,two cases reconstructed by free vascularized fibular combined with TAPF.The free vascularized fibular and flap restored the first metatarsal bone and the soft tissue defects respectively.Vascular anastomosis was the artery of flap anastomosis with anterior tibial artery and the vein of the flap anastomosis with great saphenous vein,the peroneal artery and accompany vein anastomosis with artery and vein of the flap.Results The grafted tissues survived smoothly in 8 cases,vein crisis happened in I case and the ALTPF necrosis after blood vessels expedition.So the TAPF was changed to cover the soft defect and survived smoothly.Followiy-up were done from 6 to 36 months in 9 cases.There were no ulcer on flaps and no fracture again,the fibulas had been bone healing.Evaluated by Maryland standards,six cases were excellent,two cases were fine,one case was good.Conclusion The fibula combined flap grafts provide a relatively better alternative to repair the first metatarsal bone compound tissue defects at one stage.In addition,the procedure decreased frequency of operations and short the course of treatment.Sensory function reconstruction of fibula flaps should be given full attention.As fine function of the reconstructed foot,it is a effective method for reconstruction the burdened area of the foot.

Objective To report microsurgical treatment of severed palm caused by crush injury. Methods From 1998 to 2002, 14 patients with severed palm and destructive crush injury were treated in our hospital. According to the specific severity and level of different injuries, replantation of severed palm with vessel transfer, replantation of fingers to the distal forearm with resection of wrist and palm, replantation of severed palm combined the thumb reconstruction were applied to reserve a maximal part of hand or fingers. Results Of the 14 cases of replantation, 3 experienced death of middle or index finger and the others all survived. The follow up of 11 cases lasted more than 6 months. After functional exercises, 10 cases recovered the function of pinch, and 1 case nearly regained normal functions. All of them regained sensation and the two point discrimination was 8 to 10 mm. Conclusion Reasonable replantation for severed palm with crush injury is still a method to regain part of hand functions.

BACKGROUND: With the advancements in helical CT myelography and computer image postprocessing, virtual medical imaging has acquired good outcomes in the diagnosis and treatment of complex cervical spondylosis. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects and significance of helical CT myelography on multiplanar and three-dimensional reconstruction of virtual anatomical models of cervical spondylosis. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The present computer three-dimensional reconstruction, gold standard control study was performed at the Second Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University between January 2001 and January 2006. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty patients with complex cervical spondylosis, who had received surgery, were employed for this study. METHODS: Virtual anatomical model of cervical spondylosis was established by multiplanar and three-dimensional reconstruction through the use of helical CT myelography in 20 patients. Scanning and reconstruction results were used for pre-surgery disease condition evaluation and virtual surgery. In addition, surgical intuitionistic results were considered gold standard to evaluate the accuracy and efficacy of virtual anatomical models. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The accuracy and efficacy of virtual anatomical models. RESULTS: Virtual anatomical models could concurrently show bony and membranate vertebral canals. These exhibited comprehensive and minute bony anatomic structure of cervical vertebrae and anatomic information regarding dura mater, spinal cord, and nerve sleeve for pre-surgery evaluation and virtual surgery. The imaging virtual anatomic information was in accordance with practical anatomical information in patients. CONCLUSION: Virtual anatomical model can be used to comprehensively evaluate the disease condition of cervical spondylosis and simulate the surgery due to its intuitionistic, vivid, and accurate display of anatomy of cervical vertebrae.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the effect of interventional embolization for hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) associated with arteriovenous shunting (AVS), and to discuss the factors influencing the therapeutic results. Methods The clinical data of 62 cases with HCC associated with AVS , who were treated with interventional chemoembolization , were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the type and extent of AVS identified by angiographic manifestations, appropriate obstruction of the shunt and Lipiodol chemoembolization of HCC were conducted. The curative effect of the shunt embolization was assessed by DSA at one or two months after the treatment. The relevant factors influencing the prognosis of embolization were analyzed by using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis methods. Results Of the 62 patients, arterioportal shunting (APS) was detected in 44, hepatic arterio-venous shunting (HAVS) in 11, APS together with HAVS in 4, and hepatic artery-pulmonary artery shunting (HAPAS) in 3. Re-examination with DSA was carried out in 53 patients at 1 - 2 months after the treatment , which showed that the shunting disappeared in 18 cases, obvious reduction of the shunt flow was seen in 19 cases, the lesion remained stable in 9 cases and the disease became worse in 7 cases. Univariate analysis indicated that the kind of embolic material and the presence of tumor thrombus could affect the obstructive result of the shunt , while multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that portal tumoral thrombus was an independent risk factor. The embolization effect of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles and Lipiodol-ethanol mixture, used as the embolic agents, was better than that of gelatin sponge particles. Conclusion To ensure a successful interventional chemoembolization for HCC combined with AVS the procedure should be individualized according to the type and extent of the arteriovenous shunting. The type of embolic materials used for embolization can affect the results to a certain degree.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the technical feasibility of animal model of avascular necrosis of femoral head (ANFH)with transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE).MethodsTwenty experimental pigs were randomly divided into experimental group and control group (each n= 10).Experimental group:A 5F Cobra catheter was inserted into left femoral artery,and the feeding arteries of femoral head were superselectively inserted.The feeding arteries were embolismed through transcatheter arterial injecting the segments of silk measuring about 500μm.Control group:The arterial embolization was not performed,and the other treatment was identical to experimental group.The articulation of hip in all pigs underwent plain X-ray examination,CT and MR scanning 2 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment,respectively.Histological examination was made in 4 weeks to evaluate volume of bone trabecula (TBV) and percentage of bone lacuna (PBL) at unit area under microscope.The data were compared between the two groups.Results In experimental group,CT and MRI showed swolling in hip soft tissue and high T1 in hip joint cavity,while no obvious abnormalities were found in plain X-ray film 2 weeks after feeding arteries were embolized.Four weeks after feeding arteries embolization,plain X-ray film,CT and MR showed typical necrosis of femoral head in the experimental group,while no obvious abnormalities were found in control group.The histology examination revealed there were obvious karyopyknosis and anachromasis in the bone cells.The quantity of bone cells decreased obviously or disappeared.PBL increased and TBV decreased significantly compared with those of control group (P＜0.05).ConclusionThe animal model of ANFH in pigs can be induced by TAE.It can preferably mimic the pathological situation of ANFH.

Objective To investigate influence of ginsenoside Rb1 on the proliferation and bioactivity of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs).Methods OECs were primary cultured and purified from olfactory bulb of the adult SD rats.MTT assay was used to detect proliferation of OECs treated with ginsenoside Rb1 (intervention concentrations of 0,10,20,40,and 80 μg/ml and intervention time of 12,24,36,48,and 60 hours).Optimal concentration and intervention time of ginsenoside Rb1 was determined and performed in the succedent experiments.Purified cells were divided into blank control group and ginsenoside Rb1 group.RT-PCR was utilized to determine mRNA expressions of nerve growth factor (NGF),brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),glial derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF) and neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) in the two groups.ELISA analysis was performed to measure secretion levels of NGF,BDNF and GDNF in the cultural supernatant.Results MTF analysis suggested ginsenoside Rb1 promoted proliferation of OECs with optimal effect at 20 μg/ml concentration for 48 hours (0.648±0.019,P ＜ 0.05).RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that mRNA expressions of NGF,BDNF,GDNF and N-CAM were significantly up-regulated in ginsenoside Rb1 group compared to those in blank control group (0.620 ± 0.011 vs 0.180 ± 0.011,0.511 ± 0.090 vs 0.293 ± 0.051,0.343 ± 0.042 vs 0.064 ± 0.005,0.839 ± 0.017 vs 0.717 ± 0.044) (P ＜ 0.05).ELISA analysis confirmed that secretions of NGF,BDNF and GDNF was increased in Rb1 group compared to those in blank control group (200.167 ± 8.361 vs 51.467 ± 3.815,156.700 ± 4.190 vs 96.500 ± 2.707,26.264 ± 5.864 vs 4.917 ± 10.894,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Ginsenoside Rb1 significantly promotes proliferation and bioactivity of OECs and hence benefits to spinal cord injury repair.

To prepare the polyclonal antibody against the 3D polymerase of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), the 3D polymerase gene of this virus was amplified by PCR and doubly digested with BamH I and Nde I. Then, it were cloned into expression vector pET-30a(+) to obtain the recombinant plasmid pET-3D and this plasmid was transformed to E.coli BL21(DE3) with induction by IPTG.The target protein was identified and purified with SDS+PAGE, and the inclusion bodies were extracted. The purified target protein was used as antigen to immunize New Zealand rabbits to prepare the polyclonal antibody against 3D polymerase of FMDV, which was then characterized by indirect ELISA and Western blotting. As demonstrated by SDS-PAGE, the target protein with a molecular weight at 46 ku was expressed. The polyclonal antibody showed high affinity and obvious specificity and its titer was above 1:8 000. This polyclonal antibody may lay a foundation for the further studies on the biological functions and epitopes of the 3D polymerase of FMDV.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of microsurgical repair after ring avulsion injuries. Methods From March, 2009 to December, 2014, 6 cases (6 fingers) of ring avulsion injury were repaired. There were 4 males and 2 females with an age range of 18-30 (mean, 22) years, which were 4 cases of ring finger and 2 cas-es of middle finger. The plane of injury was metacarpophalangeal band. Fracture and dislocation was reduced and fixed if damage fingers following with fracture and dislocation of interphalangeae.The damage ligament and volar plate and extensor tendon was repaired. The digital arteries and veins were repaired, and the digital nerves were sutured. System rehabilitation exercise carried out postoperatively. Results All fingers survived, and were followed-up for 8 to 30 months. The appearance of the fingers was excellent. The avarege range of motion of the proximal interpha-langeal was 80°(ranged from 70°to 100°).The distal interphalangeal was 50°(ranged from 40°to 60°).The sensory re-covery of finger pulp ranged from S3to S3+.The two-point discrimination was 5 mm to 12 mm. According to the Eval-uation Criteria for Finger Replantation and Reconstruction Issued by Chinese Hand Surgery of Chinese Mdical Associ-ation, 4 fingers had excellent while 2 had fairly good function. Conclusion Microsurgical repair of ring avulsion injury can achieve satisfactory clinical results by rehabilitation exercises postoperatively.

Objective To evaluate the performance characteristics of the second trimester double-marker test for the detection of fetal Down's syndrome in mainland China. Methods This prospective national multi-centered study used alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and free β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin( free β-hCG)as the serum markers. From May 2004 to September 2006, 11 centers participated in the collection and analysis of maternal serum AFP and free β-hCG between 14 and 20+6 weeks of pregnancy. The screening results were calculated using the standard algorithm based on the standard database provided with the analytic software. Patients with an increased risk of Down's syndrome pregnancy (≥1/270) were offered genetic anmiocentesis. Outcomes of all pregnancies were obtained.Results A total of 66 132 singleton pregnancies were included in the study. The median maternal age was 27 years. At a cut-eft of 1 in 270, the detection rate (DR) based on a Caucasian database was 72% corresponding to a false positive rate (FPR) of 5%, and the DR based on the Chinese database was raised to 76% corresponding to an FPR of 5%. Conclusion The double-marker test using AFP and free β-hCG is an effective screen strategy for second-trimester detection of fetal Down's syndrome in mainland China. Ethnic variance exists between the Caucasian and Chinese populations. The accuracy of screening is increased by the use of race-specific medians.