The establishment animal model of Graves’ disease contributes to the study of etiology, pathogenesis and therapeutic modalities. After decades of studies and making improvements, the method of building mice model of Graves’disease has achieved a great development. Although there were many reports of animal model building in Graves’disease, as a mature technology A-subunit of thyrotropin receptor( TSHR)-expressing adenovirus was used to establish Graves’disease mice model, which has been accepted widely because of its high efficacy.

The authors reviewed the development process of the concept of assessment augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) from focusing on prerequisite skills to communication needs and participation, introduced the team assessment and current three assessment models, including maximal assessment, criteria-based assessment and predictive assessment. Some factors which must be considered in all models were also given in this paper. The content and procedure of one most popular model were introduced in detail. The problems exsited in the application of AAC and the further development of AAC assessment were discussed.

Objective To establish stable Graves disease (GD) mice models with immunization and electroporation (EP).Methods Fifty mice were divided into 3 groups by random number table method:experimental group (n =30),control group (n =10),blank group (n =10).Recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1/hTSHR268 was constructed and injected to bilateral gastrocnemius in experimental group mice on the 1st,4th,7th and 10th week.The same volume of normal saline was injected in the control group and blank group at the same time.Both experimental group and control group were subjected to EP at the same time and the same location to enhance immunization.Serum T4 was tested with radioimmunoassay.TRAb N-terminal (TRAb N) and TRAb C-terminal (TRAb C) antibodies were tested with ELISA.Whole body 99TcmO4-imaging was performed and then thyroid morphology and pathology were investigated.Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and the least significant difference (LSD) t test.Results GD BALB/c mice models were built successfully (80％,24/30).Serum T4 increased from (16.06±5.16) nmol/L at the basic level to(95.04±68.92) nmol/L on the 12th week(F=18.906,t=-5.598,P＜0.05).Serum TRAb N antibody increased from (0.006±0.002) U/L at the basic level to (0.251±0.110) U/L on the 12th week(F=47.491,t=-10.869,P＜0.05).Serum TRAb C antibody increased from (11.176±2.635)×103 arbitrary unit (AU)/L at the basic level to (46.395±22.001)× 103 AU/L on the 12th week(F=14.642,t =-7.787,P＜0.05).On the 18th week serum T4,TRAb N and TRAb C decreased to (36.64±23.68) nmol/L,(0.094±0.053) U/L and (24.456±6.725)× 103 AU/L respectively,which were still higher than those preimmune levels(t=-4.161,-8.085,-9.008,all P＜0.05).There were no significant change of T4,TRAb N and TRAb C in the control group and blank group.After 4 times of immunization,the 99TcmO4-uptake by thyroids in immunized mice increased.The thyroid glands of immunized mice showed enlargement.Microscope examination showed that there were lymphocytes infiltration,colloid decrease and epithelial cell proliferation in thyroids of immunized mice.Conclusion GD mice models were successfully established by injecting recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1/hTSHR268 and EP.

Objective: Executive dysfunction is a typical characteristic of vascular cognitive impairment(VCI),with subcortical ischemia as its pathological basis.The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of event-related potential of visual-spatial working memory based on ischemic white matter lesions,and offer more electrophysiological evidence for the evaluation of VCI.Methods: We included in this study 24 patients with ischemic white matter lesions(13 mild and 11 severe cases) and 12 elderly healthy controls,and induced event-related potentials(ERP) of visual-spatial working memory from the delayed matching-to-sample task in all the participants.Results: Three waves were identified: N330,P420 and late negative component. On the two-ball-load,the N330 amplitude in the middle frontal,right frontal and occipital lobe was significantly smaller in the mild and severe lesion groups(P

Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pharynx ; pathology ; Pyriform Sinus ; Thyroglossal Cyst ; surgery

Acute Disease ; Atropine ; therapeutic use ; Cholinergic Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Organophosphate Poisoning ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide ; therapeutic use

Bicuspid ; Dental Pulp Cavity ; pathology ; Humans ; Mandible ; Root Canal Therapy

Objective To identify clinical features of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma(PTMC) according to patients' age.Methods Seventy-eight patients with PTMC were divided into 2 groups according to age:≥45 years and ＜45 years.The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.Results The average preoperative thyroglobulin (Tg)level in ＜45 years group was apparently higher than that in ≥45 years group[(138.61 ± 91.87 vs 80.20 ± 85.00) μg/L,P＜0.01].The average tumor size in ＜45 years group was apparently larger than that in ≥45 years group [(0.64 ± 0.24 vs 0.45 ± 0.25) cm,P＜0.01].There were more patients with multiple cancer foci in ＜45 years group than in ≥45 years group (73.53％ vs 45.45％,P＜0.05).And there were more patients with cancer in bilateral lobes in ＜45 years group than that in ≥45 years group(44.12％ vs 18.18％,P＜0.05).There were no significant differences in preoperative thyroid stimulating hormone level,preoperative thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb)level,incidence of capsular invasion of cancer,neck lymph nodes involvement,distant metastasis,and backgrounds of benign thyroid diseases between two groups (all P＞0.05).Conclusion The patients with PTMCs had different clinical features according to age.Hence,clinicians should consider an individualized treatment according to age in order to achieve better therapeutic efficacy.

Oxaliplatin, the third generation of the platinum based chemotherapy agent, is effective in the treatment of multiple solid tumors and is also quite safe. However, there is a high incidence of peripheral neurotoxiciy, which is dose-limiting. Oxaliplatin induces two distinct forms of neurotoxicity: an acute syndrome that is triggered or aggravated by exposure to cold, and chronic cumulative sensory neurotoxicity which in nature resembles characteristics of cisplatin associated neurotoxicity. In this article, the clinical manifestations, electrophysiologic abnormalities, mechanism of neurotoxicity and therapy are reviewed.

The plastic splint PCL,which is introduced in this article,is a new type of medical exter- nal immobilization material.During the course of its development,the burden has been optimality seeked with regressive orthogonality after screening of the material.Its function has attained the international levels during the eighties.This splint may be used not only in the treatment of burns and various orthopedic conditions,but also in the immobilization of fracture and rehabilation treatment of orthopedic patients etc.