Bleeding Time ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; diagnosis ; Humans ; von Willebrand Diseases ; diagnosis

Humans ; Liver ; injuries ; surgery

In the trends of large-scale brain research projects around the world, the China Brain Project aims to promote the understanding of the basic principles of the brain, and use the basic research of neuroscience to serve some urgent social and economic needs at the same time.As we approach the launch of this effort aimed at revolutionizing our understanding of cognitive principles of the brain, early diagnoses of brain diseases and brain-like intelligence technologies, it is timely to review the new progress in recent international brain research projects, and the deployment and future trajectory of neuroscience research in China.

AIM To investigate whether the relaxation characteristics of phytoestrogens resveratrol and phloretin on contractile response of aortic strips are similar to that of estrogen and the mechanisms underground. METHODS Aortic strips from rabbits were suspended in organ baths containing Krebs solution, and then isometric tension was measured. RESULTS Resveratrol and phloretin inhibited the contractile responses to norepinephrine (NE), KCl and CaCl2, shifted their concentration-response curves rightward with pD2′ values of 2.89, 3.34, 3.37 for resveratrol and 3.23, 3.52, 3.77 for phloretin respectively. Also both of them concentration-dependently relaxed KCl-precontracted aortic strip. The relaxing response of resveratrol but not of phloretin in aortic strip was significantly reduced by removal of endothelium or incubation with Nω-L-nitro-arginine and methylthioninium chloride, however both their relaxant effects were not affected by indometacin and propranolol. In Ca2+-free Krebs solution containing 0.01 mmol·L-1 EGTA, resveratrol and phloretin inhibited NE-induced contraction which was caused by Ca2+ release from intracellular store, but did not affect the contraction which was induced by Ca2+ influx. CONCLUSION Resveratrol and phloretin can induce vasorelaxations which may relate to inhibition of Ca2+ influx through potential-dependent calcium channels and Ca2+ release from intracellular stores, and the relaxing response of resveratrol is endothelium-dependent in part, but of phloretin is not endothelium-dependent.

The basical structure of diketopiperazines is a cyclic dipeptide condensed by two amino acids. Because of the stable framework of the six-member ring structure, and having two hydrogen bond donor and two hydrogen bond receptor, DKPs have become important chemical pharmacophores, with strong biological activities and pharmacological activities in the drug. A series of cyclic compounds were found from marine organisms in recent years, research showed that their functions are not limited on anti-bacterial, cytotoxic activity, and so on, but also playing an important role in regulatory mechanism of quorum sensing as signal molecules, they have become research hot point in ecological chemistry. This paper reviewed the research progress of diketopiperazines found in the marine microbial metabolites, and the future study trends was discussed and outlooked.

Heterotopic ossification is a common complication after acetabular fractures and fractures of the elbow.Heterotopic ossification often leads to severe joint movement disorder,which brings great pain to the patient.This paper reviewed the clinical research,including pathogenesis,clinical diagnosis,prevention,treatment and future directions of heterotopic ossification to investigate the effective method in prevention and treatment of heterotopic ossification.

Objective To assess the diagnostic value of MRI for the long head of the biceps brachii tendon tear,and to compare the diagnostic efficiency between routing MRI and MR arthrography. Methods A retrospective study was conducted in 215 cases with shoulder MR examination (107 with MR arthrography, and 108 with routing MRI) and subsequent shoulder arthrescopy and surgery. Two radiologists analyzed all MR examinations independently, and the results were compared with those of arthroscopy and surgery. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated. Kappa values were used to quantify the interobserver agreement. Results Based on the results of arthroacopy and surgery, 215 patients comprised 7 cases of complete tear of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon, 29 cases of partial tear, and 179 cases without tear. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the diagnosis of tears (complete and partial tear) of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon were 72.2% (26/36), 91.6% (164/179), and 88.4% (190/215) respectively for observer 1, 80.6% (29/36), 93.8% (168/179), and 91.6% (197/215) respectively for observer 2. The interobserver agreement was good (Kappa value=0.681). For the complete tear of the biceps brachii tendon, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were all 100% (7/7), 100% (208/208), and 100% (215/215) for both observers. For the tear of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon, the accuracy of MR arthrography were 93.4% (100/107) for observer 1 and 96.3% (103/107) for observer 2. They were higher than the Accuracy of routing MRI, which were 83.3% (90/108)and 87.0% (94/108) respectively for two observers (P<0.05). Conclusion Shoulder MRI is a moderate reliable method for evaluating the tear of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon, and the accuracy of MR arthrography is found to be superior to that of routine MRI.

We aroused students' learning interest,adjusted teaching contents,played the appropriate role of teachers,optimized teaching means and carried out comprehensive evaluation based on special characteristics of the optional course environmental eugenics and the knowledge structure of students to improve the teaching quality and teaching effect as well as make this course contribute to comprehensive ability of medical students.

Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of renal involvement in Beh(c)et's disease (BD).Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out in BD patients complicated with renal damage who were admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital from June 1998 to July 2012.Results Twenty patients with renal involvement constituted 3.2％ of all the 618 hospitalized BD patients.The presentation of renal disease was chronic glomerulonephritis in 6 patients (1 with nephrotic syndrome),renal tubular acidosis in 1 patient,renal artery stenosis in 7 patients,renal vein thrombosis in 1 patient,and chronic renal failure of unknown etiology in 5 patients.Kidney biopsy was performed in 5 patients,3 of them revealed glomerular minor lesion,mild mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and chronic tubularinterstitial nephropathy,respectively.The other 2 patients underwent a second biopsy,one with glomerular minor lesion transforming into IgA nephropathy of grade Ⅲ on Lee's glomerular grading system after 6 years,and the other with IgA nephropathy of grade Ⅱ progressing to grade Ⅳ after 2 years.After the diagnosis of renal BD,one patient with uremia underwent peritoneal dialysis,while the remaining 19 patients received immunosuppressant (or with combination of glucocorticoid,angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blockers.etc.) therapy.Among the 8 patients with renal vascular involvement,2 underwent surgery,and several received anticoagulant therapy.During the follow-up of 13 patients,the urine protein quantifications were reduced,and renal functions remained relatively stable.Conclusion Renal damage is relatively uncommon in BD patients.There are various clinical spectrums for renal BD.Routine screening with urinalysis,serum creatinine and imaging studies should be carried out for the early diagnosis of renal BD.

Objective: To compare two methods (microbial assay and radioimmunoassay) for measuring plasma folate concentrations, and to examine the relationship between plasma folate levels, and alcohol consumption, tobacco use and body mass index, and the risk of hyperhomocysteinemia in China. Methods: We used a microtiter plate microbial assay and a radioimmunoassay to measure the folate concentration in 88 plasma samples. After comparing the results of these two methods and fitting a regression line, we examined the geographical, seasonal, and gender differences in folate concentration of plasma collected from 2 422 adults in south and north areas in China, and evaluated the association of plasma folate concentration, with alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and body mass index, and with the risk of hyperhomocysteinemia, using the data from the two assays. Results: The data from the two assays had a linear relationship ( r =0.879, P =0.000); the regression was Y =0.683 X +0.308 (where X and Y were nature logarithmic transformations of plasma folate by microbial assay and radioimmunoassay, respectively); however, the mean plasma folate levels by microbial assay were much higher than those obtained by radioimmunoassay. Both data sets showed similar plasma folate distributions among Chinese adults, associations with other risk factors, and the risk of hyperhomocysteinemia. We estimated that 19.9% of the Southerners and 67.1% of the Northerners had plasma folate concentrations by radioimmunoassay lower than the 6.8 nmol/L used to define plasma folate deficiency. Conclusion: There is a linear relationship between plasma folate levels determined by microbial assay and radioimmunoassay, but because of the different levels obtained in the two assays, it is difficult to use the microbial assay results to evaluate folate status at this time. The use of 10.5 nmol/L as a cut off for plasma folate deficiency by microbial assay needs further study.