A safe and effective anesthesia technique is necessary in ensuring a successful surgical operation in rabbit experiments.A variety of anesthesiamethod have been reported, yet, no one matured and widely accepted anesthesiamethod is available so far.This article aims to provide an information basis for further research on general anesthesia in rabbits by reviewing the literature on single and combined anesthesia techniques in rabbits reported in the last decade.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the enantioselectivity of norgestrel (NG) transdermal permeation and the potential influence of linalool and lipids on the enantioselectivity. In vitro skin permeation studies of NG across the excised rat skins were performed with Valia-Chien diffusion cells, and the permeation samples were analyzed by enantioselective HPLC. The possible enantioselective permeation of NG across intact rat back skin and lipids extracted rat back skin and the influence of linalool were evaluated. The skin permeation rate of dl-NG was two times higher than that of l-NG when donor solutions (EtOH/H2O 2 : 8, v/v) containing l-NG or dl-NG. It may be mainly attributed to the solubility discrepancy between enantiomer and racemate. The enantioselective permeation of dl-NG across intact rat skin was observed when the donor solutions containing dl-linalool. The permeation flux of l-NG was 22% higher than that of d-NG. But interestingly, the enantioselective permeation of dl-NG disappeared under the same experimental condition except that the lipid extracted rat skin was used. Attenuated total reflection-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of stratum corneum showed that the wave number for asymmetric CH2 stretching vibrations of lipids treated with dl-linalool was greater than that of the control. The results indicated that the enantioselective permeation of NG may be contributed by the interaction between dl-linalool and lipids. More than half of lipids were composed of ceramides. The stereospecific interaction maybe existed among chiral enhancer (linalool), lipids (ceramides) and/or chiral drugs (NG).
Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Lipids ; pharmacology ; Monoterpenes ; pharmacology ; Norgestrel ; pharmacokinetics ; Rats ; Skin Absorption ; drug effects ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; Stereoisomerism

After more than3 years of pilot (since 2010), standardized training of resident physicians in Shanghai has made great progress, however, it still needs to be improved. Cerebral and spinal vascular diseases are main types of neurological diseases and they seriously influence people's life and health. Interventional neuroradiology plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral and spinal vascular diseases. However, in the current residency training system in Shanghai or other provinces of China, the training of interventional neuroradiology is not included. In this paper, the authors analyzed the important role of interventional neuroradiology in diagnosis and treatment of cerebral and spinal vascular disorders and discussed the feasibility, method, and time arrangement of including interventional neuroradiology curriculum into the schedule of neurology standardizedresidency training and hoped to provide reference for the relevant departments to formulate a future policy.

0.999 9.The recovery was between 60%-120%.CONCLUSION:The method is simple,accurate and can be used to determine aflatoxin G2、G1、B2、B1 in Naoliqing Pill,Renshen Yangrong Pill,Rensen Jiapi Pill,Sanqi Tablet,Jinshuibao Capsule and Bailine Capsule.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of DHA AmpC ?-lactamases mediated by plasmid in Klebsiella pneumoniae in China.METHODS Antimicrobial susceptibility test was conducted by the methods of double agar dilution and ESBLs confirmatory in K-B method according to the criteria of guidelines of CLSI.AmpC ?-lactamases were detected on the basis that AmpC ?-lactamases could be inhibited by 3-aminophenylboronic acid(APB).Gene chip technology and PCR were used to detect ESBLs and AmpC gene.RESULTS Among total 34 isolates of K.pneumoniae 32(94.1%) produced AmpC ?-lactamases and ESBLs.The most common(38.3%) were types DHA and TEM and SHV.MIC50 and MIC90 of all strains to all tested antimicrobial agents were lower than 34 strains tested 0.25?g/ml and 0.5?g/ml.Fourteen strains AmpC and ESBLs were conjugated successfully.CONCLUSIONS DHA AmpC ?-lactamases mediated by plasmid are the most common in K.pneumoniae in General Hospital of PLA of China.The most common(38.3%) are types DHA and TEM and SHV.Fourteen(41.2%) strains can be spreaded by plasmid.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of 16S rRNA methylase gene armA and to analyze their effect on the drug resistance in multi drug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii . Methods A total of 72 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates were collected from the Second Xiangya Hospital from Jan. 2008 to Dec. 2008. The size of inhibitory zone of these strains to gentamycin, tobramycin and amikacin were determinate using Kirby-Bauer( K-B) method. The 16S rRNA methylase genes armA were detected by PCR. PCR products were purified and sequenced. Then we used randomly amplified polymorphic DNA method (RAPD) genotyping technology for the establishment of DNA fingerprinting. In addition, we compared drug sensitivity test with RAPD technology. Results Twenty isolates of 72 strains were armA positive and the resistance rates of the strains with armA gene to gentamycin, tobramycin, amikacin were 90.0% , 90.0% and 90. 0% , respectivily. armA positive stains were divided into 7 types using RAPD technology. A genotype was the advantage type. Conclusion The study showed that 16S rRNA methylases gene armA was prevalent in Acinetobacter baumannii which could lead to resistant to almost all aminoglycosides at a high level. And the main form of armA gene prevalence in our hospital was the spread of the same clone strain inside and outside of clinic department.

AIM:To bring forward a method of determining aflatoxin G_2、G_1、B_2、B_1 in six kinds of traditional Chinese drugs by HPLC.METHODS:After being extracted by 70% methanol,purified by immunoaffinity column,aflatoxins were analysed by HPLC with fluorescence detection.RESULTS:Aflatoxin G_2、B_2 showed a good linear relationship at a range of 1.5-60pg,and Aflatoxin G_1、B_1 at a range of 5-200 pg,r＞0.999 9.The recovery was between 60%-120%.CONCLUSION:The method is simple,accurate and can be used to determine aflatoxin G_2、G_1、B_2、B_1 in Naoliqing Pill,Renshen Yangrong Pill,Rensen Jiapi Pill,Sanqi Tablet,Jinshuibao Capsule and Bailine Capsule.

Objective To evaluate the diffuse myocardial fibrosis of the left ventricle (LV) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) by cardiac MR (CMR) T1 mapping methods.Methods Totally 60 subjects (30 paroxysmal AF patients and 30 persistent AF patients) and 59 normal control underwent MR cardiac cine,late gadolinium enhancement,and LV T1 mapping.For T1 mapping,modified Look-Locker inversion recovery sequence was used.Compared with control,pre-contrast ventricular T1 times were quantified and extracellular volume (ECV) was calculated.Results All subjects completed the CMR exam,no myocardial delay enhanced lesion was found.Pre-contrast ventricular T1 time in healthy controls was lower than that in patients with persistent and paroxysmal AF,and the pre-comrast ventricular T1 time in persistent AF patients was higher than that of paroxysmal AF patients (all P＜0.05).The mean LV myocardial ECV had no statistical difference between healthy controls and paroxysmal AF patients (P＞ 0.05),while lower than persistent AF patients (P ＜ 0.05).The mean LV myocardial ECV in patients with persistent AF was larger than that in patients with paroxysmal AF (P＜0.05).LV functional indexes were positive correlated with pre-contrast ventricular T1 time and ECV in patients with AF (all P＜0.05).Conclusion There is LV myocardial fibrosis in patients with AF,and the degree in patients with persistent AF is more severe than that in patients with paroxysmal AF.

ObjectiveTo research the relationship between the plasma levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the onset and progress of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and the severity of coronary lesions in patients with ACS.MethodsSeventy-eight patients hospitalized with chest pain were enrolled,including 41 patients with ACS (ACS group),17 patients with stable angina pectoris(SAP,SAP group) and 20 patients serving as control (control group).Forty-one patients undergoing coronary angiography were divided into single vessel lesions group (7 patients),double vessel lesions group (7 patients),multiple vessel lesions group ( 12 patients) and no vessel lesions group ( 15 patients) based on the vessel lesions of the left anterior descending,left circumflex artery and right coronary artery.According to the diameter stenosis of major coronary artery,there were 15 patients in no vascular stenosis group,2 patients in mild vascular stenosis group,6 patients in moderate vascular stenosis group and 18 patients in severe vascular stenosis group.The levels of MPO were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA).ResultsThe levels of MPO in ACS group [( 252.10 ± 27.07 ) μ g/L]were higher than those in SAP group[( 185.81 ± 17.85 ) μ g/L]and control group [( 140.42 ± 71.40) μ g/L](P ＜ 0.05 ),the levels of MPO in SAP group were higher than those in control group(P＜ 0.05 ).The levels of MPO in single vessel lesions group and multiple vessel lesions group were higher than those in no vessel lesions group (P ＜ 0.05 ),but there was no significant difference among single vessel lesions group,double vessel lesions group and multiple vessel lesions group (P ＞ 0.05 ).The levels of MPO in mild vascular stenosis group,moderate vascular stenosis group and severe vascular stenosis group were higher than those in no vascular stenosis group (P ＜ 0.05),but there was no significant differenceamong mild vascular stenosis group,moderate vascular stenosis group and severe vascular stenosis group(P ＞ 0.05 ).A positive correlation was observed between the levels of MPO and neutrophils (r =0.288,P=0.018 ),creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB(r =0.469,P=0.043 ),subject groups( r =0.757,P=0.000),vessel lesions (r =0.584,P=0.000) and the degree of vascular stenosis (r =0.491,P=0.001).Conclusion MPO may predict ACS and reflect the severity of coronary lesions in ACS as a novel inflammatory marker.

BACKGROUNDContrast-enhanced fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been reported to have higher sensitivity for detecting leptomeningeal disease compared with contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI (CE T1WI). However, currently there are no studies showing the potential value of clinical applications of contrast-enhanced FLAIR (CE FLAIR) sequence in diagnosing intracranial tumors in a larger group of patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of CE FLAIR in comparison with CE T1WI for intracranial tumors and to provide more information for clinical diagnosis and therapy.

METHODSOne hundred and four consecutive cases of intracranial tumors referred for CE brain MRI were analyzed with regard to FLAIR and T1WI pre- and post-administration of Gd-DTPA. The CE FLAIR and CE T1WI were evaluated independently by two radiologists for the number of examinations with one or more enhanced lesions, the number and location of enhanced lesions per examination, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-enhancement ratio (CER) of lesions, as well as the size and extent of the enhanced lesions.

RESULTSIn 98 of 104 cases, enhanced lesions were seen both on the FLAIR and T1W images. More lesions were seen on CE T1WI (n = 120) than those on CE FLAIR sequence (n = 117), but no differences of statistical significance were found between the two sequences (P > 0.05). Four lesions were revealed only on the CE FLAIR images whereas 7 lesions were only found on CE T1WI. Enhanced lesions located in the cerebral hemisphere or the forth ventricle were revealed much more on CE T1WI than on CE FLAIR images. However, CE FLAIR images may be useful in showing superficial abnormalities and those located in the sulcus or lateral ventricle. The CER and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) on CE T1WI was significantly higher (t = 7.10, P = 0.00; t = 9.67, P = 0.00, respectively), but grey matter/white matter contrast was lower (t = 2.46, P = 0.02) than those on CE FLAIR images. The SNR did not show any statistically significant difference between the two sequences (t = 1.1, P = 0.27). The size and extent of lesions on the CE FLAIR images were significantly larger than those on CE T1WI (t = 4.13, P = 0.00).

CONCLUSIONSCE FLAIR and CE T1WI may complement each other in showing intracranial tumors and the CE FLAIR sequence should be selected as a routine MRI sequence.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Brain Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Contrast Media ; Female ; Gadolinium DTPA ; Humans ; Image Enhancement ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged