Objective To investigate the effects of tramadol hydrechloride pretreatment on the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in ischemic and non-ischemic myocardium following acute myocardial is-chemia in the rats. Method Eighteen adult male SD rats weighing 270 to 300 g were randomly divided into three groups(n = 6, in each): group Ⅰ ,sham operation; group Ⅱ , myocardial isehemia, and group Ⅲ, tramadol hydrochloride pretreatment. The anterior descending branch of left coronary artery was occluded(CAO)for 3 hours in rats of group Ⅱ and Ⅲ. In group Ⅲ, tramadol hydrochloride 12.5 mg·kg~(-1) was injected through caudal vein 15 minutes before CAO. At 3 hours after myocardial ischemia, the hearts were removed for determination of CGRP protein content in ischemic and non-ischemie myocardium by immuno-histochemistry and enzyme immunometric as-say, and the expression of CGRPmRNA by RT-PCR. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. ResultsOnly β-CGRPmRNA was found in rats myocardium. In the ischemic myocardium, the average light density of CGRP(0.215 ± 0. 100), positive unit (36.95 ± 1.70), concentration (39.06 ± 1.86) and expression of β-CGRP mRNA 0. 946 ± 0. 019) were significantly increased in group Ⅱ compared with those in group Ⅰ (0. 139 ± 0.006), (25.01 ± 1.03), (20.80± 1.24), (0.734±0.025) (P <0.05), and decreased markedly in group Ⅲ(0.158+0.008),(28.53±1.21),(28.58±2.10),(0.872±0.024) (P < 0.05) In the non-ischemic my-ocardium, the average hght density of CGRP(0.156 ± 0.017), positive unit(28.57 ± 2.23), concentration (28.58 ± 1.12) and expression of β-CGRP mRNA(0.810 ± 0.021) were significantly increased in group Ⅱ com-pared with those in group Ⅰ (0.109+0.013, 20.91 ～2.14, 17.35+2.72, 0.701 ～0.018) (P < 0.05), and decreased markedly in group Ⅲ(0.120±0.008), (22.58±1.18), (23.26±2.41), (0.779±0.022) (P < 0.05). Conclusions Tramadol hydrochloride pretreatment can significantly inhibit increase in CGRP expression in myocardium elicited by CAO, which might imply that tramadol hydrochloride might take part in protection of my-ocardium against acute myocardial ischemia by means of pain-relief.

Objective To investigate the effects of morphine and tramadol pre-emptive use on the expressions of substance P mRNA (SPmRNA) and calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA (CGRPmRNA) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) following acute myocardial ischemia in the rats. Method Twenty-four adult male SD rats weighing 270 to 300 g were randomly (random number) divided into four groups (n = 6, in each): group Ⅰ(sham operation), group Ⅱ (myocardial ischemia), group Ⅲ (morphine pre-emptive use) and group Ⅳ (tramadol pre-emptive use). The left anterior descending branch of coronary artery was occluded (CAO) for 3 hours in rats of group Ⅱ and Ⅳ.In group Ⅲ morphine 1.25 mg·kg-1 was injected through caudal vein 15 minutes before CAO.In group Ⅳ,tramadol 12.5 mg·kg-1 was daministered via caudal vein 15 minutes before CAO.In 3 hours after myocardial ischemia, the tissue of DRG (T1-5) were taken for detecting the expressions of SPmRNA and CGRPmRNA by using RT-PCR. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results In the tissue of DRG, the expressions of SPmRNA(0.93±0.02) ,α-CGRP mRNA(0.98±0.02) and β-CGRP mRNA(0.83 ± 0.02)were up-regulated in group Ⅱ compared with those in group Ⅰ (0.84±0.04),(0.86±0.01),(0.45±0.03) (P ＜0.05),and decreased markedly in group Ⅲ (0.88 ± 0.03) ,(0.90 ± 0.02), (0.67 ± 0.02) (P ＜ 0.05) and group Ⅳ (0.88±0.04) ,(0.90 ± 0.01),(0.66±0.01) (P ＜ 0.05), but showed no difference between group Ⅲ and Ⅳ (P ＞ 0.05). Conclusions Morphine and tramadol pre-emptive use can significantly inhibit the expressions of SPmRNA and CGRPmRNA in rat's dorsal root ganglia after CAO.

Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) can provoke the apoptosis of retinal cells and downregulate the expression of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) in the retina.Capsaicin promotes the release of CGRP and elicits protective effects on human organs.However,whether CGRP protects retinal cells in diabetic retinopathy (DR) is still unclear.Objective The study was designed to examine the effect of capsaicin on the apoptosis of retinal cells in diabetic rats and its relationship with CGRP.Methods Forty clean healthy adult male Sprague-Dawey rats were randomly divided into the diabetes group,capsaicin pretreated group,streptozocin (STZ)control group,capsaicin control group and plain control group,with 8 rats per group.The diabetic model was established by the intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg in all rats except those of the plain control group.0.4 mL of a 1％ capsaicin injected at 20 mg/kg was subcutaneously injected for 3 consecutive days prior to model establishment in the capsaicin pretreated group,after which 1.2 mL of STZ was intraperitoneally injected on the fourth day.Rats from the STZ control group were administered intraperitoneally 1.2 mL of 0.1 mol/L,pH 4.5,citrate buffer.The capsaicin control group received subcutaneous injections of 0.4 mL of 1％ capsaicin at 20 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days,after which 1.2 mL of 0.1 mol/L,pH 4.5,citrate buffer was administered intraperitoneally.The rats were sacrificed at the tenth week after model establishment and retinal specimens were prepared for the apoptosis assay by TUNEL staining and the quantitative analysis of caspase-3 activity.Expression of CGRP in the retina and serum was detected using ELISA.The use of experimental animals followed the Regulations for the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission.Results Retinal cell apoptosis was mainly localized to the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer.The apoptosis rate of RGCs was (43.4±5.0)％ in the DR model group and (30.0±5.1)％ in the capsaicin pretreated group,showing a significant difference (t =5.930,P＜0.01).Compared with the DR model group and capsaicin pretreated group,the apoptosis rates of the DR control group (12.4±9.9) ％ and the capsaicin control group (17.6-±6.1) ％ were significantly lower (t =8.800,t =4.925,P＜0.01).The apoptosis rate of the plain control group was (16.2±6.9)％,exhibiting significant differences in comparison with the DR control group and capsaicin control group (t =-0.989,t =0.951,P＞0.05).The specific activity of caspase-3 was (2.19±0.86) in the DR model group and (1.96±0.56) in the capsaicin pretreated group,presenting a significant difference (t =-0.515,P＜0.05).Those of the DR control group and capsaicin control group were (1.47±0.14) and (0.74±0.27),respectively,with considerable decline in comparison with the DR model group and capsaicin pretreated group (t=2.142,t=2.797,P＜0.05).The retinal and serum CGRP levels were (424.4±44.2)and (148.8±39.1) ng/L,respectively,displaying significantly lower levels than (543.2±74.4) and (237.5±78.7) ng/L (t =3.070,2.359,P＜0.05) from the capsaicin pretreated group.Conclusions Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells occurs in the STZ-induced diabetic rats.Pretreatment of capsaicin reduces retinal cell apoptosis,which may be associated with an increase of CGRP in the retina.

Objective To culture astrocytes of human optic nerve and establish the cell lines for further study of healing process after optic nerve trauma. [WT5”HZ]Methods [WT5”BZ]Astrocytes of infantile optic nerve were cultured by tissue inoculation or tissue digestion with 0.25% trypsin and 0.06% EDTA. The second and fourth passage cells were stained with HE and anti GFAP, S 100 protein, vimentin, and CD34 antibodies. [WT5”HZ]Results The trypsinized astrocytes of infantile optic nerve reached confluence in 7 days. The cultured cells were in polygonal shape with processes and the cytoplasm was abundant. These cells were positive in GFAP, S 100 protein and vimentin staining, and negative in CD34 staining. Conclusions Astrocytes of human optic nerve can be successfully cultured by trypsinization rather than tissue inoculation.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between plasma substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentrations and intraoperative cardiovascular events in diabetic patients.Methods Twenty-two patients of either sex with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 22 non-diabetic patients of either sex,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,aged 50-77 yr,undergoing elective knee arthroplasty under neuraxial anesthesia,served as diabetes mellitus group (group DM) and non-diabetes mellitus group (group NDM),respectively.The patients of either group were further divided into 2 subgroups (n =11 each) according to whether or not the patients had cardiovascular diseases before operation:no cardiovascular disease subgroups (NDM-NCVD subgroup and DM-NCVD subgroup) and cardiovascular disease subgroups (NDM-CVD subgroup and DM-CVD subgroup).The plasma SP and CGRP concentrations were dertermined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at 30 min before operation and at the end of operation.The plasma cardiac troponin Ⅰ (cTnI) concentrations were measrued by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at 30 min before operation and 24 h after operation.The development of intraoperative cardiovascular events was recorded.Results Compared with group NDM,the incidence of intraoperative cardiovascular events and plasma cTnI concentrations at each time point were significantly increased,and the plasma concentrations of SP and CGRP were decreased in group DM (P＜0.05).Compared with group DM-NCVD,the incidence of intraoperative cardiovascular events and plasma cTnI concen trations at each time point were significantly increased,and the plasma concentrations of SP and CGRP were decreased in group DM-CVD (P＜0.05).Conclusion The development of intraoperative cardiovascular events is related to the decrease in plasma concentrations of SP and CGRP in diabetic patients.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence of integrons in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from blood samples in Peking University People′s Hospital and to analyze the correlation between integrons and drug resistance of P.aeruginosa.METHODS Forty-two strains of clinically isolated P.aeruginosa were collected.The antibiotics susceptibility was tested by K-B methods.Integrase gene of integron was amplified by PCR using degenerate primers.The integrons were classified by restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) analysis of positive PCR products with Hinf Ⅰ restriction enzyme.RESULTS The drug-resistance rates of 42 strains of P.aeruginosa against 20 kinds of antibiotics ranged from 9.5% to 100%.Twenty-three strains were resistant to 12 kinds of antibiotics.Nineteen of the 42 isolates(45.2%) contained integrons,all of which were revealed as class Ⅰ of integrons by RFLP analysis.Neither class Ⅱ nor class Ⅲ of integron was detected.The positive percentage of integrons was increased by years.CONCLUSIONS Class Ⅰ integrons are widespread in isolates from blood samples in our hospital.The presence of integrons is closely associated with multi-drug resistance of P.aeruginosa.

Objective To study the effect of Buyang Huanwutang in inhibiting the astroglial reactivity induced by injury in vitro. Methods After cultured the spinal astroglia from newborn Wistar rats for fifteen days, cells were divided into two groups, Buyang Huanwutang group and control group without Chinese herb. Nicked the bottom of cultivated cells and a injured strip of astroglia cells of 1 mm width 15 mm length was made. Immunocytochemistry method was used to demonstrate the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Results From 2 to 48 hours after the nick, GFAP expression and the astroglial reactivity were apparently inhibited by Buyang Huanwutang. Conclusion Buyang Huanwutang can inhibit the astroglial reactive proliferation induced by injury in vitro.

Objective To evaluate the early clinical efficacy of subfascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery (SEPS) in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) of lower limbs. Methods A retrospective study was carried out in 26 patients (34 legs) with CVI treated by SEPS. Results The number of incompetent perforating veins ligated per limb ranged 1～5 (mean, 3 5). The postoperative clinical score (2.48?0.25) was significantly lower than the preoperative score (6.54?0.93) ( t =21.497, P

Objective:The clinical value of used in oral cavity repair were summarized to guide clinical practice. Methods:Retrospective analysis the clinical information of 144 cases(prefabricated posts:86 cases and metal posts:58 cases) who received oral cavity repair in our hospital between January 2010 and January 2012. Discuss the applications and clinical effects. Results:After 1 to 2 ears of follow-up, into a successful repair success rate of fiber post and metal post(93.02%v.s.79.31%, P=0.015), advance into a fiber post success rate is significantly higher than metal post, Repair the cause of the failure of the two groups, however, fall off and fracture was statistically difference(x2=5.51, P<0.019), the fiber pile of biomechanics is better than metal post, loss is the main reason for the advance into the fiber pile repair failure. Conclusions:As a new material in the oral cavity repair, prefabricated posts has been widely used and is worthy of further promotion.

Objective To compare the individual effects of three recruitment maneuvers (RM) in children with congenital heart disease complicated by postoperation acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Methods A prospective single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted.Thirty-two children with congenital heart disease complicated with ARDS after open-heart surgery undergoing mechanical ventilation were randomized into three groups,to whom three different RM was respectively performed,namely sustained inflation (SI),progressively increased positive end expiratory pressure (IP) and pressure control ventilation (PCV).Blood gas analysis was done every 6 hours,and the lung RM was performed if oxygenation index (OI) ≤ 300 mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa).The OI,the dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn),as well as the parameters of hemodynamics before,during and after RM for 15,30,and 60 minutes were recorded and analyzed before and after RM.Results During the treatment process,the OI was significantly increased during the process and 15,30 or 60 minutes after RM compared with that before RM,with no statistical difference among groups (F value was 1.027,0.403,0.264,0.172,0.159,and P value was 0.367,0.671,0.769,0.843,0.853).The Cdyn at all time points in each group was also significantly increased,but there was no statistical difference among groups (F value was 0.009,0.015,0.206,0.010,0.389,and P value was 0.991,0.985,0.814,0.990,0.683).In the process of RM,the heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) of the children were lowered compared with those before RM [HR (bpm):131.67 ± 9.56 vs.138.93 ± 5.22 in SI group,133.27 ± 9.54 vs.140.33 ± 7.74 in IP group,137.13 ± 7.39 vs.142.40 ± 9.18 in PCV group,all P ＜ 0.01;MAP (mmHg):55.07 ± 4.43 vs.65.87 ± 4.46 in SI group,58.82 ± 6.04 vs.64.02 ± 7.65 in IP group,57.89 ± 4.71 vs.65.36 ± 5.37 in PCV group,all P ＜ 0.01],but it recovered immediately.CVP in all three groups was increased during RM [cmH2O (1 cmH2O =0.098 kPa):11.60±0.99 vs.5.53±0.74 in SI group,10.33± 1.35 vs.5.40±0.74 in IP group,10.20±0.94 vs.5.80±0.68 in PCV group,all P ＜ 0.01].There was significant difference in CVP during RM among three groups (F =7.327,P =0.002),and CVP in SI group was higher than that of other two groups (both P ＜ 0.05).CVP returned to the former level in 15 minutes after RM in IP and PCV groups,and recovered in 30 minutes in SI group.Conclusions All of the RM methods can effectively improve oxygenation and pulmonary compliance of the children with complication of ARDS,and they complement the inadequacy of lung protective ventilation.PCV and IP are more effective than SI in the uniform re-expansion of alveoli after RM and recovery of hemodynamics.