The Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and Taura syndrome virus (TSV) are two important shrimp viruses in cultured shrimp in America. These two viruses were transmitted to China at the beginning of the 21st century. In this study, 214 shrimp samples of Penaeus vannamei were collected from seven different areas of China and tested by PCR for IHHNV and TSV infection. The results showed that there were a high prevalence of IHHNV (65.42%) and low prevalence of TSV (3.27%) in the tested samples. Several samples were found to be co-infected with these two viruses. A 3 kb fragment of 7 positive IHHNV samples and a structure protein region (ORF2) of three TSV positive samples were amplified and sequenced. The sequence comparison indicated that both IHHNV and TSV sequenced in China have a low genetic variations compared with the prototype IHHNV and TSV from Hawaii. Phylogenetic analysis showed that TSV isolates were clustered into two groups, Asia and America group, which was genetically correlated to geographic distribution.

Objective To explore the possible role of B7 family cell surface costimulatory molecules and their receptors in immunopathogenesis in children with asthma.Methods Forty children with acute exacerbation of asthma and 36 cases of age-matched healthy children were enrolled in the study.Interferon(IFN-?),IFN-? and lipopolysaccharide(LPS),phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin or zero were used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells,flow cytometry was used to detect B7-1 and B7-2,B7H1,B7DC and B7H expression on CD14+ cells;CD4+ cells were separated by immune beads and stimulated by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate and ionomycin and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect CD28,cytotoxic lymphocyte associated antigen-4(CTLA-4),programmed death-1(PD-1)and inducible costimulator(ICOS) mRNA expression.Results 1.The levels of B7-1 and B7-2 expression in children with asthma were higher than those of healthy control group [B7-1:(6.68?3.97)% vs(1.74?0.69)%;B7-2:(10.87?5.99)% vs(1.58?0.75)% Pa

Objective To investigate the relationship between the imbalance of suppressors of cytokine signaling 1(SOCS1)/SOCS3 and abnormal activation of monocytes/ macrophages in children with acute-phase asthma, and explore the molecular mechanism of chronic inflammatory process on airway.Methods The present study enrolled 20 asthmatic children and 20 age-matched normal children. Dual-color flow cytometric analysis was performal to detect the percentage of CD_ 80 、CD_ 86 expressing on CD_ 14 ~+ cell. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and real-time PCR were used to analyze SOCS1,SOCS3 expression in monocytes/ macrophages.Results The proportions of CD_ 80 ,CD_ 86 expressed on CD_ 14 ~+ cell in children with asthma were significantly higher than those in control subjects(CD_ 80 :7.0% vs 1.70%),(CD_ 86 :11.37% vs 2.03%),all P

OBJECTIVETo explore the mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) for improving the cardiac function of Sjogren's syndrome (SS) model rats based on Keapl-Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.

METHODSTotally 48 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups by random digit table, i.e., the blank control group,the model control group,the APS group, and the hydroxychloroquine group, 12 in each group. Except those in the blank control group, 0. 1 mL mixed antigen protein of sufficiently emulsified Freund's complete adjuvant and submandibular gland protein was injected from two feet plantar to induce SS model. The intervention was started from 19th day after inflammation induction. Equal volume of normal saline was given to rats in the blank control group (1 mL/100 g), APS was administered to those in the APS group (1 mg/100 g), and hydroxychloroquine (0.03 125 g/kg) was administered to those in the hydroxychloroquine group. All rats were intervened once per day for 30 consecutive days. Changes of rats' body mass and drinking water quantity, submandibular gland index, spleen index, histological changes of glands were observed. Changes of the heart function were monitored using invasive hemodynamics. Serum reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-35 (IL-35)were detected using ELISA method. The pathological changes were observed using HE staining. The protein expression of ROS, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), glutathione (GSH), and thioredoxin (TRX) were observed by immunohistochemical staining. The mRNA expression of Keap1, Nrf2, and ARE was detected using real time fluorescent quantitative PCR. The protein expression levels of gamma-glutamic acid and a half long glycine synthetase (gamma-GCS) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in the myocardial tissue were determined by Western blot method. Results Compared with the blank control group, the quantity of drinking water, submandibular gland index, spleen index, heart rate (HR), cardiac index (HI), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVEDP), MDA, ROS, TNF-alpha, ROS protein expression, RNS protein expression, Keap 1 mRNA expression, Maf mRNA expression, Nfr2 mRNA expression, and HO-1 protein expression, and gamma-GCS protein expression significantly increased (P <0.01); body mass, +/-dp/dtmax, SOD, TAC, IL-35, GSH, and TRX significantly decreased (P <0.01) in the model group. Compared with the model group, the quantity of drinking water, submandibular gland index, spleen index, LVEDP, MDA, ROS, TNF-alpha, ROS protein expression, RNS protein expression, Keap1 mRNA expression, Maf mRNA expression, Nfr2 mRNA expression, and HO-1 protein expression, and gamma-GCS protein expression significantly decreased (P<0.05); body mass, +/-dp/dtmax, SOD, TAC, IL-35, GSH protein expression, and TRX protein expression significantly increased (P < 0.05, P <0.01) in the AR group and the hydroxychloroquine group. In the hydroxychloroquine group HR increased (P <0.05). In the AR group HR and LVSP decreased (P <0. 05, P <0. 01). Compared with the hydroxychloroquine group, HR, LVEDP, - dp/dtmax, y-GCS protein expression significantly decreased (P <0. 05, P <0. 01); SOD, TAC, GSH, TRX, HO-1 protein expression increased (P <0.01 )in the AR group. HI was positively correlated with ROS (P <0. 05). LVSP and LVEDP were positively correlated with Keap1 -Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways (P <0. 01) , and negatively correlated with TAC (P <0. 05, P <0. 01 ). +/-dp/dtmax was negatively correlated with Keap1-Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways(P <0.05), and positively correlated with TNF alpha (P <0. 05).

CONCLUSIONSDeclined heart function exists in SS rats. The mechamechanism of APS for improving the heart function might be closely correlated with activating Keap1-Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway.

Animals ; Astragalus Plant ; Blotting, Western ; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases ; metabolism ; Heme Oxygenase-1 ; metabolism ; Hydroxychloroquine ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Myocardium ; enzymology ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2 ; metabolism ; Plant Extracts ; therapeutic use ; Polysaccharides ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Sjogren's Syndrome ; Submandibular Gland ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism ; Thioredoxins ; metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

This paper instroduces the components and operating priciples of a multi-functional drug smearing and drug injection instrument. The instrument has many advantages such as simple structure, convenient operation, no bacteria, drug-saving, little pain and etc. All these advantages make it fit for medical applications.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Equipment Design ; Equipment and Supplies ; Humans

Objective To explore the method of clinical application and the final result of the com- pound flap of distally based of saphenous nerve-great saphenous vein nutritional vessels.Methods Basing on the anatomic basis that the nutrient vessels of saphenous nerve-great saphenous vein have the same deriva- tion as the branches of the muscle,bone and skin.Eight cases of the tissue defects of ankles and feet were re- paired by the flap.Results Seven cases were survived completely except the distal partly necrosis in one case.The calcaneal defects of one case were repaired by the iliac graft after two weeks of the operation.Follow up from 3 monthes to one year,the texture,appearance and function of the multiflap were good.Conclusion The compound flap of distally based of saphenous nerve-great saphenous vein nutritional vessels has the ad- vantages as follow:the reliable blood supply,avoidance of sacrificing the major arteries,reconstruction of sen- sation and simply procedure.Besides,the defects of soft tissue and bone can be repaired on one operation.

OBJECTIVETo examine the changes of expressions of orexin A, orexin receptor-1 (OX1R), prepro-orexin (Prepro-OX) mRNA, OX1R mRNA and ob-R of hypothalamus in rats with chronic renal failure (CRF).

METHODSSixty-two male Wister rats weighing 200-250 g were divided into three groups, including group 1 (normal, n = 5), group 2 (sham-operated, n = 25) and group 3 (CRF, n = 32). Hypothalamus orexin A was assayed by radioimmunoassay. Serum leptin was assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of Prepro-OX mRNA and OX1R mRNA of hypothalamus were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and expression of orexin A, OX1R and ob-R by immunohistochemistry. Automatic biochemical analyzer was used to measure the serum creatinine.

RESULTSHypothalamus orexin A levels were negatively correlated (r = -0.63, P < 0.001) with serum leptin levels in the rats. The expression of hypothalamus Prepro-OX mRNA in CRF rats was significantly lower than that of sham-operation at week 12 (P < 0.01). Hypothalamus Prepro-OX mRNA levels were negatively correlated (r = -0.81, P < 0.001) with the levels of serum leptin and serum creatinine (r = -0.68, P < 0.05) in the rats at week 12. The expression of hypothalamus OX1R mRNA in CRF rats was lower than that of sham-operation at week 12 (P > 0.05). Specific immunoreactivity for orexin A was present in perikeryon of the hypothalamus neuron. Specific OX1R-like immunoreactivity was observed in some nerve fibres. Specific immunoreactivity for ob-R was present in membranes of the hypothalamus neuron. Hypothalamus neurons of orexin A-like specific immunoreactivity in CRF rats were significantly fewer than those in shamoperated rats at week 8. Hypothalamus neurons of OX1R-like specific immunoreactivity in CRF rats were similar to those in sham-operated rat at week 8. Hypothalamus neurons of ob-R-like specific immunoreactivity in CRF rats were significantly more than those in sham-operated rats at week 8.

CONCLUSIONSThe lower hypothalamus orexin A levels may be induced by high serum leptin level in CRF rats. The lower expression of hypothalamus Prepro-OX mRNA in CRF rats may be one of the main causes inducing lower hypothalamus orexin A. The expression of OX1R in hypothalamus neurons is somewhat reduced and the expression of ob-R in hypothalamus neurons is somewhat raised in CRF rats. These remain to be studied further.

Animals ; Carrier Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Hypothalamus ; metabolism ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; metabolism ; Leptin ; genetics ; metabolism ; Male ; Neuropeptides ; genetics ; metabolism ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; genetics ; metabolism ; Orexin Receptors ; Orexins ; Protein Precursors ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; genetics ; metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Receptors, Leptin ; Receptors, Neuropeptide ; genetics ; metabolism

Gentianae Urnulae Herba, dried whole herb of Gentiana urnula,is a commonly used Tibetan medicine. However, only the character identification is used as quality control standard officially at present. As a part of project for the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 edition), the quality standard of this species was established in this study. The tests of water content, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and ethanol-soluble extractives of the crude drugs were carried out following the methods recorded in appendix of Chinese Pharmacopeia (2010 edition, volume 1). The TLC identification method was established by using gentiournoside A as reference substance, and a mixture of ethyl acetate-methanol-water-formic acid(7:1. 5:1: 0. 2) as the developing solvent system on silica gel G TLC plate. The content of gentiournoside A was assayed by HPLC on an Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm,5 μm) column, using acetonitrile-water (0.1% phosphoric acid) (26:74) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature is at 30 degrees C and the detection wavelength is at 240 nm. As a result, gentiournoside A and the other constituents were separated and presented the same fluorescence light comparing with the reference substance on TLC detected under the UV light(366 nm). The methodology validation for the assay of gentiournoside A showed that it was in a good linear correlation in the range of 0.009 95-0.398 g x L(-1) with the regression equation of Y = 1 467.1X +41.407(r = 0.999 9), and the average recovery was 98. 3% (RSD 2.2%). The mass fractions of gentiournoside A, water content, ethanol-soluble extractives of 15 batches samples were varied in the ranges of 0.175% -1.83%, 8.60% - 9.93% and 29.2% - 35.2%, respectively. Total ash and acid-insoluble ash were 10.2% - 17.2% and 5.26% - 10.8% detected from 10 batches samples. The recommended standards of quantitative indexes are that the mass fractions of gentiournoside A and extractives are not less than 0.80% and 26.0%, respectively; the water, total ash and acid-insoluble ash are not more than 12.0%, 15.0% and 8.0%, respectively.
China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; standards ; Humans ; Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; standards ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control

In order to efficiently control the quality of the Tibetan medicine Gentianae Szechenyii Flos, the quality standard was established in this study. The tests of water content, total ash and ethanol-soluble extractives of the crude drugs were carried out based on the methods recorded in appendix of Chinese Pharmacopeia (2010 edition, volume 1). The TLC method was established by using reference drug and gentiournoside A as reference substance, and a mixture of ethyl acetate-methanol-water-formic acid (7: 1.5: 1: 0.2) as the developing solvent system on silica gel G TLC plate. The content of gentiournoside A was assayed by HPLC on a Ultimate XB-C18 (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 μm) column, using methanol-water (0.02% phosphoric acid) (52:48) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature is 25 degrees C and the detection wavelength is at 240 nm. As a result, gentiournoside A and the other constituents were separated and presented the same fluorescence light comparing with the reference substance on TLC detected under the UV light(366 nm). The methodology validation for the assay of gentiournoside A showed that it was in a good linear correlation in the range of 10.01-400.32 mg x L(-1) with the regression equation of Y = 1 539.5X - 33.339 (r = 0.999 7), and the average recovery was 99.68% (RSD 1.92%). The mass fractions of gentiournoside A, water content, ethanol-soluble extractives of 19 batches samples were varied in the ranges of 14.48-31.51 mg x g(-1), 11.25% -12.74% and 24.21% - 31.60%, respectively, and total ash was 4.64% - 6.12% detected from 10 batches samples. The recommended standards of quantitative indexes are that the mass fractions of gentiournoside A and extractives are not less than 15.0 mg x g(-1) (1.5%) and 21.0%, respectively; the water and total ash are not more than 13.0% and 6.0%, respectively.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; standards ; Flowers ; chemistry ; Gentiana ; chemistry ; Medicine, Tibetan Traditional ; Quality Control

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the role of Undecanoate (Andriol), as a kind of testosterone, in regulating the relaxation of isolated rat corpus cavernosum in vitro.

METHODSThe castrated rats were given high and low dosage Andriol respectively, compared with intact and castrated rats. After treatment of 4 weeks, the corpora cavernosa were cut, trimmed as to strips. Norepinephrine(NE) was added to contract each of the tissue strips. Next, sodium nitroprusside(SNP), electric functional stimulation(EFS) were used to relax the strips. Percent relaxations were examined.

RESULTSHigh-dose Andriol(20 mg/kg) was significantly effective to castrated rats on percent relaxation induced by 10(-3) mol/L SNP and EFS. Low-dose Andriol(10 mg/kg) was also effective to relax strips induced by 10(-3) mol/L SNP. According to statistics, the differences were significant (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThe percent relaxations of castrated rats were increased after taking Andriol, and it could increase the relaxation of corpara cavernosa.

Animals ; Castration ; Male ; Muscle Relaxation ; drug effects ; Muscle, Smooth ; drug effects ; physiology ; Penis ; cytology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Testosterone ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology