OBJECTIVE:To study inhibitory effects of propofol on PC12 cells injury induced by glutamic acid via mitogen-acti-vated protein kinase/extra-cellular regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signal pathway. METHODS:PC12 cells were randomized into normal control group,model group(10 mmol/L glutamic acid),propofol low-concentrations,medium-concentrations and high-con-centrations groups(12.5,25,50 μmol/L+10 mmol/L glutamic acid). The optical density of cells,cell apoptosis,the phosphoryla-tion of ERK1/2 and the expression of c-fos,Bax,Bcl-2 were detected after treated with relevant medicine for 48 h. RESULTS:Compared with normal control group,optical density of cells,the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Bcl-2 decreased in model group (P<0.01);apoptotic rate,the expression of c-fos and Bax increased (P<0.01). Compared with model group,optical density of cells,the expression of Bcl-2 and the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 increased in propofol group (P<0.01);apoptosis rate,the ex-pression of c-fos and Bax decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). There were statistical significant between the different concentrations (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Propofol can inhibit the apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by glutamic acid,which is associated with the up-regulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation.

As a depot drug delivery system, injectable polylactide-polyglycolide (PLGA) sustained-release microspheres have been successfully used to treat many diseases since the first microsphere product Lupron depot was approved for marketing in the United States in 1989. It has the ability of long-term release in the body for several days to several months, which can not only reduce the times of administration, but also reduce the drug blood concentration fluctuations, significantly improve the safety and patient compliance. In vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) makes the development of microspheres more possible. It can describe the dynamic information of drug release in vivo through the in vitro release behavior of microspheres, and can reduce the workload of each stage and shorten the time span while characterizing the performance of microspheres. IVIVC can provide guidance or support for drug development, production changes, supervision and management. This article summarizes the release mechanism of injectable PLGA sustained-release microspheres, common measurement methods and theories of in vitro and in vivo release. And we also focus on the establishment and application of IVIVC, especially A level IVIVC in the field of microsphere preparations, to provide a reference for further study on in vitro-in vivo correlation of microspheres.

Objectives To compare prospective memory (PM) deficits with retrospective memory (RM) deficits and to explore the correlation between PM and RM in chronic schizophrenia. Methods Fifty chronic schizophrenia pa?tients and fifty healthy controls were recruited. The PM performance [event-based PM (EBPM) and time-based PM (TB?PM)] were evaluated by the Chinese version of the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (C-CAMPROMPT); working memory (WM) was evaluated by the digital span subtest (DS);immediate auditory logical memory (IALM), delayed audito?ry logical memory (DALM), immediate visual reproduction memory (IVRM) and delayed visual reproduction memory (DVRM) were evaluated by the logical memory and visual reproduction subtest. The score of each test was transformed to comparable standard score. Results Patients performed significantly worse on EBPM [(7.9 ± 3.4) vs. (13.7 ± 2.9)], TBPM [(6.9±3.6) vs. (13.0±3.2)], DS [sequence:(5.8±2.0) vs. (7.5±2.2);backward:(6.5±1.9) vs. (8.2±2.8)], IALM [(8.3±3.1) vs. (11.9 ± 2.5)], DALM [(7.4 ± 3.7) vs. (11.8 ± 2.6)], IVRM [(8.0 ± 2.7) vs. (11.2 ± 3.8)], and DVRM [(7.7 ± 3.5) vs. (10.8 ± 2.7)] scores than controls (P<0.05). The extent of deficits of EBPM and TBPM were greater than those of DS (sequence and backward), IALM, DALM, IVRM and DVRM (P<0.05), but not DALM (P>0.05). The performance of PM in chronic schizophrenia was significantly related to DS (sequence and backward), IALM, DALM and DVRM (P<0.05), but not IVRM (P=0.155). Conclusion:There are greater prospective memory deficits than retrospective memory deficits in chron?ic schizophrenia and the prospective memory deficits are correlated with the retrospective memory deficits in chronic schizophrenia.

Objective To construct a recombinant plasmid pUbi-apelin-FLAG-pSV40-EGFP and package with lentivirus to co-express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and apelin, and to investigate optimal multiple of infec-tion (MOI) to transfect human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) and expression of target gene. Methods The apelin gene was chemically synthesized and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and which was inserted into linear plasmid vector. The gene fragment and linear plasmid vector were connected by In-Fusion technology after enzyme di-gestion and transformed into competent DH5αcells. The positive clones of lentiviral expression vector were obtained after screening and followed by sequencing. The lentiviral vector was used to transfect 293T cells and package virus, and then the virus titers were determined. HUCMSCs were transfected with lentivirus vector in vitro via different values of MOI. The trans-fection efficiency was obtained according to the optimal MOI. The expression of target gene was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot assay. Results A 284 bp target gene fragment with the restriction sites was obtained by PCR and connected to the lentiviral vector. The positive clones of lentiviral expression vector were corresponded to the expected result. The lentivi-ral particles were successfully packaged. HUCMSCs could be transfected by the lentivirus vector with high efficiency. The mRNA and protein levels of target gene were stably up-regulated within 2 weeks. Conclusion The lentivirus vector pUbi-apelin-FLAG-pSV40-EGFP can transfect apelin gene into hUCMSCs with high efficiency. The infected cells can express high levels of apelin gene in two weeks.

Objective To explore the reliability and validity of the computerized Chinese version of Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (C-CAMPROMPT) for assessment of prospective memory (PM) in chronic schizophrenia patients. Methods 50 patients and 50 healthy controls formed the study sample. PM performance was measured with computerized C-CAMPROMPT, while the Wechsler Adult Memory Scale-Forth Edition (WMS-IV), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and Category Fluency Test (CFT) were administered to assess logical memory (LM), visual representation (VR), executive function and processing speed. Results The test- retest reliability (0.981, P<0.001), split half reliability (0.627, P<0.001) and internal consistency reliability (0.742) of C-CAMPROMPT were satisfied. The scores of C-CAMPROMPT and its subtest in schizophrenia were lower than that in healthy control (P<0.001). The performance of PM in patients with schizophrenia closely related to the scores of LM, VR, WCST-CC and CFT (r=0.34~0.89, P<0.05). The sensitivity (86%) and specificity (92%) of the scale were satisfied. Factor analysis extracted 2 factors. Conclusion The computerized C-CAMPROMPT shows a good reliability and validity for assessment of PM function in chronic schizophrenia, and is a sensitive, adaptable, stable instrument.

In recent years, layer-by-layer self-assembly (LbL) has developed rapidly. It has been widely used in various industries such as medicine and metallurgy because of its simplicity, flexibility and controllability. In the study of drug delivery system, hollow microcapsules constructed by LbL method as drug carrier have great advantages in drug release, circulation in vivo and bioavailability, providing a technical platform for targeted drug release. In this paper, we summarize the types of film-forming materials and the driving force used in LbL technology, the way of loading drug into hollow micro capsule, and the variety of loaded drugs. We focus on the release mechanism, its evaluation and safety evaluation of self-assembled film as drug carrier in vivo and in vitro. The review shows the great application prospect of LbL technology in the field of drug delivery.

Objective To explore the effect of propofol on the apoptosis of PC12 cell induced by glutamic acid.Methods PC12 cells were in-duced 10 mmol · L-1 glutamate for 48 h, and were divided into model group , propofol low , medium and high dose groups.The normal cells were used as control group.Control group and model group were received culture medium without any drugs for 48 h.Propofol low , medium and high dose groups were given 12.5 , 25.0 , 50.0 μmol · L-1 propofol for 48 h.The viability of PC12 cell was measured by MTT assay.PC12 cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry.The activity of Caspase -3 was determined by spectrophotometric method.The expression of FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene ( c -fos ) and early growth response protein 1 ( Egr -1 ) were detected by Realtime -PCR and western blot.Results Compared with the normal group , the cell apoptosis rate , the activity of Caspase -3 , the expression of c -fos mRNA and protein increased , and the cell viability , the expression of Egr -1 mRNA and protein decreased in the model group ( P<0.01 ).Compared with the model group, the acitivity of Caspase -3, the cell apoptosis rate , the activity of Caspase -3, the expression of c-fos mRNA and protein decreased , and the cell viability , the expression of Egr-1 mRNA and protein increased in propofol low -dose , medium -dose and high -dose group ( P <0.05 ).Conclusion Propofol suppressed the apoptosis of PC 12 cell induced by glutamic acid , which was related with the expression of c-fos and Egr-1.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of nano-lead exposure on learning and memory and iron homeostasis in the brain of the offspring rats on postnatal day 21 (PND21) and postnatal day 42 (PND42).

METHODSTwenty adult pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group and nano-lead group. Rats in the nano-lead group were orally administrated 10 mg/kg nano-lead, while rats in the control group were administrated an equal volume of normal saline until PND21. On PND21, the offspring rats were weaned and given the same treatment as the pregnant rats until 42 days after birth. The learning and memory ability of offspring rats on PND21 and PND42 was evaluated by Morris water maze test. The hippocampus and cortex s amples of offspring rats on PND21 and PND42 were collected to determine iron and lead levels in the hippocampus and cortex by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The distributions of iron in the hippocampus and cortex were observed by Perl's iron staining. The expression levels of ferritin, ferroportin 1 (FPN1), hephaestin (HP), and ceruloplasmin (CP) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTSAfter nano-lead exposure, the iron content in the cortex of offspring rats on PND21 and PND42 in the nano-lead group was significantly higher than those in the control group (32.63 ± 6.03 µg/g vs 27.04 ± 5.82 µg/g, P<0.05; 46.20 ±10.60 µg/g vs 36.61 ± 10.2µg/g, P<0.05). The iron content in the hippocampus of offspring rats on PND42 in the nano-lead group was significantly higher than that in the control group (56.9 ± 4.37µg/g vs 37.71 ± 6.92µg/g, P<0.05). The Perl's staining showed massive iron deposition in the cortex and hippocampus in the nano-lead group. FPNl level in the cotfex of offspring rats on PND21 in the nano-lead group was significantly lower than that in the control group (3.64 ± 0.23 ng/g vs 4.99 ± 0.95 ng/g, P<0.05). FPN1 level in the hippocampus of offspring rats on PND42 in the nano-lead group was significantly lower than that in the control group (2.28 ± 0.51 ng/g vs 3.69 ± 0.69 ng/g, P<0.05). The escape latencies of offspring rats on PND21 and PND42 in the nano-lead group were longer than those in the control group (15.54 ± 2.89 s vs 9.01 ± 4.66 s; 6.16 ± 1.42 s vs 4.26 ± 1.51 s). The numbers of platform crossings of offspring rats on PND21 and PND42 in the nano- lead group were significantly lower than those in the control group (7.77 ± 2.16 times vs 11.2 ± 1.61 times, P<0.05; 8.12 ± 1.51 times vs 13.0 ± 2.21 times, P<0.05).

ONCLUSIONn Nano-lead exposure can result in iron homeostasis disorders in the hippocampus and cortex of offspring rats and affect their learning and memory ability.

Animals ; Cerebral Cortex ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Female ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Iron ; metabolism ; Lead ; toxicity ; Learning ; drug effects ; Maternal Exposure ; adverse effects ; Memory ; drug effects ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To explore the application and effectiveness of the combination of bilabial /Φ/and inter-dental /θ/to the training of pronouncing fricatives after cleft palate operations .Methods Seventy children aged four to eight years with abnormal fricatives after cleft palate operations over one month were enrolled in the study . They were randomly allocated into the experimental group (35 cases) and the control group (35 cases) .The chil-dren in the experimental group received the combined training of bilabial /Φ/and inter-dental /θ/while those in the control group received routine rehabilitation training .Results After 6 to 10 times of speech training ,the number of erroneous words of the experimental group decreased to 1 .20 ± 0 .35 from 70 .80 ± 0 .52 before the training .The difference was statistically significant (Z= -5 .215 , P= 0 .001) .The number of incorrect words of the control group decreased to 7 .17 ± 0 .45 from 70 .86 ± 0 .50 of the baseline .The difference was statistically significant (Z=-5 .237 ,P=0 .001) .The number of erroneous words of the two groups had no statistical differences before train-ing (t= -0 .079 ,P=0 .937) .The number of wrong words of the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group after training (Z= -7 .023 ,P=0 .001) .Conclusion The application of the combination of bilabi-al /Φ/and inter-dental /θ/to the training of pronouncing fricatives after cleft palate operations can decrease dis-tinctly the number of erroneous words .

Objective To observe the effects of Yutang pill on pancreatic tissue, JNK, Akt gene, protein expression and phosphorylation of diabetic rats. Methods A total of 150 male SD rats were divided into blank group, model group, western medicine control group, Chinese medicine control group, Yutang Pill low dose group and Yutang pill high dose group according to random number table, 20 rats in each group. In addition to the blank group, the other groups of rats were prepared for the diabetes model. The western medicine control group was intragastrically administered with metformin hydrochloride suspension 0.09 g/kg, the Chinese medicine control group was administered with the suspension of glycoside tablets 2.43 g/kg, and the low-dose and high-dose groups of Yutang pills were respectively administered with Yutang pills 1.35 and 2.70 g/kg. The blank group and the model group were intragastrically administered with equal volume of saline. 1 time/d, 8 weeks. After continuous administration, the material was taken. The expression levels of JNK and Akt in pancreatic tissue were detected by Real-time PCR. The expression of JNK and Akt protein and phosphorylation in pancreatic tissue were detected by Western blot. Results Compared with the model group, the expression of JNK mRNA (0.57 ± 0.07, 0.95 ± 0.13 vs. 1.14 ± 0.19) and P-JNK/JNK (0.222 ± 0.038, 0.817 ± 0.104 vs. 1.140 ± 0.136) in the low- and high dose group significantly decreased (P<0.01). The expression of Akt mRNA (2.09 ± 0.13 vs. 1.63 ± 0.12) and P-Akt(Ser473)/Akt (0.385 ± 0.072 vs. 0.130 ± 0.027) significantly increased (P<0.01). Conclusions The Yutang pill can reduce the expression of JNKmRNA in pancreatic tissue of T2DM rats and inhibit the phosphorylation of JNK protein. The expression of AktmRNA increased and the phosphorylation level of Akt protein increased.