To explore the clinical classification of hamate hook fracture and the treatment strategy for different type of fractures, 12 patients who suffered from hamate hook fractures were followed up retrospectively. According to the fracture sites and the prognosis, we classified the hamate hook fractures into 3 types. Type I referred to an avulsion fracture at the tip of hamate hook, type II was a fracture in the middle part of hamate hook, and type III represented a fracture at the base of hamate hook. By the classification, in our series, only 1 fell into type I, 7 type II, and 4 type III. The results were evaluated with respect to the functional recovery, recovery time and the association among the clinical classification, pre-operative complications and treatment results. The average follow-up time of this group was 8.4±3.9 months. Two cases were found to have fracture non-union and both of them were type II fractures. Six patients had complications before operation. Five cases were type II fractures and 1 case type III fracture. All the patients were satisfied with the results at the time of the last follow-up. Their pain scale and grip strength improved significantly after treatment. All the pre-operative complications were relieved. The recovery time of hamate hook excision was significantly shorter than that of the other two treatments. The incidences of both pre-operative complications and non-union in type II fractures were higher than those in type I and type III fractures. It was concluded that, generally, the treatment effects with hamate hook fracture are quite good. The complication incidence and prognosis of the fracture are closely related to the clinical classification. Early intervention is critical for type II fractures.

Objective To explore the histological changes of the wrist interosseous ligaments after radiofrequency electrothermal shrinkage. Methods Six frozen fresh male adult cadaver wrist ligaments were exploited for the research. The ligaments of the right wrists were treated with radiofrequency electrothermal shrinkage with Arthrocare system, while the ligaments of the left wrists were kept as the normal control. The bone-ligament-hone samples of all the scapholunate (SL) and lunotriquetral (LT) ligaments were prepared, sectioned and then stained with the regular HE staining, toluidine blue staining, Sirius-red staining and immunohistochemistry staining of collagen Ⅲ. The image analysis software was used to compare the staining results. Results The histological structures of SL dorsal ligaments (SL-d) and LT volar ligaments (LT-v) were very similar, and the structures of SL volar ligaments (SL-v) and LT dorsal ligaments (LT-d) were also very similar. The membrane parts of both SL and LT ligaments showed the fibrous cartilage structure. The histological structures of SL-d and LT-v were much less destroyed by the radiofrequency than those of SL-v and LT-d. After radiofrequency electrothermal shrinkage, only the distribution areas of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅲ were significantly changed in the membrane parts of SL and LT ligaments. Conclusion Radiofrequency electrothermal shrinkage treatment can cause minor structural damage to the collagen-dominant ligaments such as SL-d and LT-v, while it can lead to quite severe structural damage to the ligaments containing collagen and lots of loose connective tissue, such as SL-v and LT-d.

To explore the clinical classification of hamate hook fracture and the treatment strategy for different type of fractures, 12 patients who suffered from hamate hook fractures were followed up retrospectively. According to the fracture sites and the prognosis, we classified the hamate hook fractures into 3 types. Type I referred to an avulsion fracture at the tip of hamate hook, type II was a fracture in the middle part of hamate hook, and type III represented a fracture at the base of hamate hook. By the classification, in our series, only 1 fell into type I, 7 type II, and 4 type III. The results were evaluated with respect to the functional recovery, recovery time and the association among the clinical classification, pre-operative complications and treatment results. The average follow-up time of this group was 8.4±3.9 months. Two cases were found to have fracture non-union and both of them were type II fractures. Six patients had complications before operation. Five cases were type II fractures and 1 case type III fracture. All the patients were satisfied with the results at the time of the last follow-up. Their pain scale and grip strength improved significantly after treatment. All the pre-operative complications were relieved. The recovery time of hamate hook excision was significantly shorter than that of the other two treatments. The incidences of both pre-operative complications and non-union in type II fractures were higher than those in type I and type III fractures. It was concluded that, generally, the treatment effects with hamate hook fracture are quite good. The complication incidence and prognosis of the fracture are closely related to the clinical classification. Early intervention is critical for type II fractures.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Bone ; classification ; surgery ; therapy ; Hamate Bone ; injuries ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Young Adult

Balancing the risks and benefits of organophosphate pesticides(OPs)on human and environmental health relies partly on their accurate measurement.A highly sensitive fluorescence anti-quenching multi-residue bio-barcode immunoassay was developed to detect OPs(triazophos,parathion,and chlorpyrifos)in apples,turnips,cabbages,and rice.Gold nanoparticles were functionalized with monoclonal antibodies against the tested OPs.DNA oligonucleotides were complementarily hybridized with an RNA fluorescent label for signal amplification.The detection signals were generated by DNA-RNA hybridization and ribonuclease H dissociation of the fluorophore.The resulting fluorescence signal en-ables multiplexed quantification of triazophos,parathion,and chlorpyrifos residues over the concen-tration range of 0.01-25,0.01-50,and 0.1-50 ng/mL with limits of detection of 0.014,0.011,and 0.126 ng/mL,respectively.The mean recovery ranged between 80.3％and 110.8％with relative standard deviations of 7.3％-17.6％,which correlate well with results obtained by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS).The proposed bio-barcode immunoassay is stable,reproducible and reliable,and is able to detect low residual levels of multi-residue OPs in agricultural products.