Objective To investigate the value of bronchoscopy in the etiologic diagnosis and therapy of right middle lobe atelectasis. Methods Clinical data of 45 cases of right middle lobe atelectasis under fiberoptic bronchoscopy from January 2012 to February 2016 were analyze retrospectively. Results 28 cases (62.2 %) were determined inflammation, 9 cases (20.0 %) of tumor, 4 cases (8.9 %) of tuberculosis, 1 case (2.2%) of foreign body, 3 cases (6.7 %) unexplained. After treatment, 30 cases (66.7 %) were cured, 8 cases (17.8 %) improved while 7 cases (15.5 %) invalid. Conclusions The bronchoscopy is a critical technology for diagnosis and therapy of right middle lobe atelectasis.

Objective: To study the differentially expressed genes associated with lipid metabolism in adipose tissues of patients with insulin resistant (IR) type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), in an effort to explore the mechanism of IR. Methods: mRNA from the omental adipose tissues of T2DM patients (n=5) and normal controls (n=5) were reversely transcribed into cDNAs with the incorporation of fluorescent dUTP (cy-5 or cy-3) to prepare hybridization probes. The mixed probes were hybridized with a cDNA microarray containing the target genes. The results were scanned and subjected to computer analysis to search for the difference between the gene spectrum of T2DM patients and normal controls. The differentially expressed gene, FOXC2, was verified by Northern blot. Results: Eighty-two differentially expressed genes were identified between these 2 groups, with 10 associated with lipid metabolism, including 5 upregulated ones and 5 downregulated ones. Northern blotting confirmed that the expression of FOXC2 mRNA was increased in IR group, which was in accordance with the result of cDNA microarray analysis. Conclusion: The pathogenesis of IR is related with lipid metabolism and the FOXC2 gene may be a candidate gene of IR.

Cholesterol polyposis of the gallbladder is a metabolic disorder of cholesterol and characterized by the deposit of cholesterol esters and other lipids in the lamina propria of gallbladder.The pathogenesis is complicated which may involve various factors,and probably associated with the alteration of polygene expression,but at this moment the true nosogenesis is still unclear.

This study was aimed to develop a maximum a posteriori Bayesian (MAPB) estimation method to estimate individual pharmacokinetic parameters based on D-optimal sampling strategy. Meanwhile, the performance of MAPB was compared with the multiple linear regression (MLR) method in terms of accuracy and precision. Pharmacokinetic study of pioglitazone was employed as the example case. The population pharmacokinetics was characterized by nonlinear mixed effects model (NONMEM). The sparse sampling strategy (1-4 points) was identified by D-optimal algorithm using WinPOPT software. The simulated data generated by Monte Carlo method were used to access the performance of MAPB and MLR. As the number of samples per subject decreased, the accuracy and precision of MAPB method tended to get worse. The estimation for CL and Vby MAPB using D-optimal two-point design had less bias with low inter-individual variability, and had more bias and imprecision with high residue variability. The estimation of AUC by MAPB using D-optimal 2 points design had similar accuracy and precision to MLR. However, MAPB estimation was better than MLR while adjusting the sampling time to one hour. Overall, the MAPB method had similar predictive performance as MLR, but MAPB could provide more pharmacokinetic information with higher sampling flexibility.

Salmonella Derby is recognized as a major human food-borne pathogen causing food poisoning,septicaemia and other symptoms.Meanwhile,it can represent a severe threat to livestock breeding and health.The objective of this review is to summarize novel research progress on epidemic,genomics,pathogenic mechanism of Salmonella Derby for provide reference to related research.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protection of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on CML cell line K562 from apoptosis induced by etoposide (VP-16) and its molecular mechanism. METHODS: Quantitative and qualitative analyses on cell morphological change of apoptosis were performed through acridine orange (AO) staining and HE staining, and fluorescent flow cytometry.The test analyzes membrane on the surface of the PS evagination and integrity of cell membrane surface and mitochondrial membrane potential changes were performed through Annexin V-FITC/PI double dyeing and JC-1 cell dyeing tests, and apoptotic factors such as Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 and Caspase-9 were measured by SYBR Green (Takara) qRT-PCR. RESULTS: The HE and AO staining revealed that apoptotic rates in HGF+VP-16 groups were significantly lower than those in VP-16 groups (P<0.05, P<0.05), HGF can inhibit the apoptosis of cells induced by VP-16; FCM (Annexin V-FITC/ PI and JC-1) tests showed that cells apoptotic rates in HGF+VP-16 groups were significantly lower than those in VP-16 groups (P<0.05, P<0.001), indicating that HGF has the anti-apoptosis function. Apoptosis related gene mRNA expression tests found that the Bcl-2 mRNA expression in HGF+VP group was obviously higher than that in the VP-16 group (P<0.001), while Bax mRNA, Caspase-3 mRNA, and Caspase-9 mRNA expressions were significantly lower than those in the VP-16 group (P<0.05, P<0.001, P<0.001), suggesting that HGF possesses antiapoptotic effect through inhibiting apoptosis gene expression and promoting the antiapoptotic gene expression simultaneously. CONCLUSION: HGF can significantly protect K562 cells from apoptosis induced by VP-16 through the HGF/c-Met way to regulate PI3K/AKT pathway.

OBJECTIVETo develop a new technique for assessing the risk of birth defects, which are a major cause of infant mortality and disability in many parts of the world.

METHODSThe region of interest in this study was Heshun County, the county in China with the highest rate of neural tube defects (NTDs). A hybrid particle swarm optimization/ant colony optimization (PSO/ACO) algorithm was used to quantify the probability of NTDs occurring at villages with no births. The hybrid PSO/ACO algorithm is a form of artificial intelligence adapted for hierarchical classification. It is a powerful technique for modeling complex problems involving impacts of causes.

RESULTSThe algorithm was easy to apply, with the accuracy of the results being 69.5%±7.02% at the 95% confidence level.

CONCLUSIONThe proposed method is simple to apply, has acceptable fault tolerance, and greatly enhances the accuracy of calculations.

Algorithms ; Artificial Intelligence ; China ; epidemiology ; Environmental Exposure ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Models, Biological ; Neural Tube Defects ; epidemiology ; Risk Factors

Objective To compare the short‐term clinical effects of single segment and two segments of Dynesys dynamic in‐ternal fixation system for treating lumbar degenerative disease .Methods 40 cases of degenerative lumbar disease treated by the Dynesys dynamic fixation system combined with posterior approach decompression from 2009 July to March 2012 were selected and performed the evaluation on the clinical effects by the waist and leg pain visual analogue scale (VAS) ,the Oswestry disability index (ODI) and the orthopaedic spinal association of North America (NASS) index .The imaging method was used to observe the mobili‐ty of operative segment and proximal adjacent segment and the degenerative change of intervertebral height .Results All of the 40 cases were followed up .The VAS score and ODI score at postoperative 3 months and last follow‐up were significantly decreased when compared with the pre‐operative scores (P<0 .05);there was no statistically significant differences in the VAS score and ODI score at 3 months and last follow‐up between the single segment group and the 2‐segment group (P> 0 .05) .The NASS index showed no statistically significant difference in the postoperative effect satisfaction between the two groups (P>0 .05);there was no statistically significant difference in the variation of the intervertebral height between before operation and at the last follow‐up (P>0 .05) .There was statistically significant difference in the motility of proximal adjacent segment at the last follow‐up between the two groups (P<0 .05);but comparing the motility of proximal adjacent segment between the last follow‐up and pre‐operation , only the single segment group showed statistically significant difference (P< 0 .05) .Conclusion The Dynesys dynamic fixation system combined with posterior approach decompression operation has good clinical effect in the treatment of lumbar degenerative disease .Meanwhile ,the single segment method has more significant effect on the motility of proximal adjacent segment than the double segments method .

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of multiple-trough sampling design and nonlinear mixed effect modeling (NONMEM) algorithm on the estimation of population and individual pharmacokinetic parameters. Oxcarbazepine and tacrolimus were used as one-compartment and two-compartment model drugs, respectively. Seven sampling designs were investigated using various number of trough concentrations per individual ranging from 1-4. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to produce state-steady trough concentrations. One-compartment model was used to fit simulated data from oxcarbazepine and tacrolimus. The accuracy and precision of the estimated parameters were evaluated using the median prediction error (PE), the median absolute PE and boxplot. The results indicated that trough concentrations could yield reliable estimates of apparent clearance (CL/F). For oxcarbazepine, as the number of trough concentrations per subject increased, the accuracy and precision of CL/F, between-subject variability (BSV) of CL/F and residual variability (RUV) tended to be improved. For tacrolimus, however, although no improvement were observed in the accuracy of CL/F and BSV of CL/F, the PE distribution ranges were significantly narrowed and the RUV estimates were less bias and imprecise. In terms of algorithm, Monte Carlo importance sampling (IMP) and IMP assisted by mode a posteriori estimation (IMPMAP) were consistently better than other methods. Additionally, the sampling design had no significant effects on the individual parameter estimates, which were only depended on the interaction between BSV and RUV in various algorithms. Decreased in BSV and RUV levels can improve the accuracy and precision of the estimation for both population and individual pharmacokinetic parameter estimates.
Algorithms ; Bayes Theorem ; Carbamazepine ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacokinetics ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; pharmacokinetics ; Models, Biological ; Monte Carlo Method ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Regression Analysis ; Tacrolimus ; pharmacokinetics

ObjectiveTo investigate the association of bacterial translocation (BT) with cachexia and its impact on the outcome of gastric cancer patients.MethodsSixty cachectic gastric cancer patients,50 age- and sex-matched non-cachectic gastric cancer patients,and 55 healthy controls were enrolled in this study between January 2008 and July 2009.Polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect bacterial DNA in the peripheral blood of cancer patients and healthy controls,Cytokine levels were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Flow cytometry was used to detect immune indicators.All the enrolled patients were followed up for two years,and the two-year survival rate was calculated.ResultsThe BT ratio was significantly higher in cachectic patients than in non-cachectic patients (25.0％ vs.8.0％,P =0.019) and healthy controls (25.0％ vs.0.0％,P =0.000).BT-positive cachectic patients had significantly higher levels of IL-1α,IL-6,TNF-α,and IFN-γ compared with BT-negative cachectic patients ( P =0.012,0.003,0.036,and 0.017,respectively ) and BT-positive non-cachectic patients ( P =0.011,0.034,0.000,and 0.022,respectively).The two-year survival rate in BT-positive cachectic patients was significantly lower than in BT-negative cachectic patients (P =0.023 ).The levels of CD3 +T,CD4+ T,natural killer cells,and CD4 + T/CD8 + T in gastric cancer patients were significantly lower than in healthy controls ( P =0.023,0.031,0.016,0.041,respectively),whereas CD8 + T level was significantly higher in gastric cancer patients than in healthy controls (P =0.038).ConclusionBT may contribute to the development of cancer cachexia and influence the long-term survival of locally advanced gastric cancer patients.