The advent of nanoscience and nanotechnology offers unprecedented opportunities in nanomedicine, such as increas-ing therapeutic efficiency and decreasing undesired side effects in cancer treatment. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive pho-totherapy-based method that is applied in the treatment of cancer and other diseases and has important clinical value. PDT can be com-bined with other therapies to realize the synergistic treatment. The emergence of up-conversion nanomaterials provides a fundamental method to solve the problem of photodynamic therapy of deep tumors. Moreover, the versatile preparation and surface modification methods facilitate the fine-tuning of the emission spectrum of up-conversion nanomaterials and the improvement of the photosensitiz-er's loading capacity. This study reviews the development in design and application of up-conversion nanomaterials for PDT of cancer.

The aim of this study is to prepare hyaluronic acid (HA) modified core-shell liponanoparticles (pHA-LCS-NPs) as gene delivery system and investigate its gene transfection efficiency in human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells in vitro. The pHA-LCS-NPs was prepared by firstly hydrating dry lipid film with CS-NPs suspension to get LCS-NPs, then modifying the lipid bilayer with HA by amidation reaction between HA and dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Its morphology, particle size and zeta potential were investigated. XTT assay was used to evaluate the cell safety of different vectors in vitro. The gene transfection efficiency of pHA-LCS-NPs modified with different contents of HA was investigated in ARPE-19 cells with green fluorescent protein (pEGFP) as the reporter gene. The results showed that the obtained pHA-LCS-NPs exhibited a clear core-shell structure with the average particles size of (214.9 +/- 7.2) nm and zeta potential of (-35 +/- 3.7) mV. The 24 h cumulative release of gene from pHA-LCS-NPs was less than 30%. After 48 h incubation, gene transfection efficiency of pHA-LCS-NPs/pEGFP was 1.81 times and 3.75 times higher than that of CS-NPs/pEGFP and naked pEGFP, respectively. Also no obvious cytotoxicity was observed on pHA-LCS-NPs. It suggested that the pHA-LCS-NPs might be promising non-viral gene delivery systems with high efficiency and low cytotoxicity.
Cell Survival ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genes, Reporter ; Genetic Vectors ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; metabolism ; Humans ; Hyaluronic Acid ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Lipids ; Nanoparticles ; Particle Size ; Phosphatidylethanolamines ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Retinal Pigment Epithelium ; drug effects ; Transfection

The aim of this study is to prepare hyaluronic acid (HA) modified core-shell liponanoparticles (pHA-LCS-NPs) as gene delivery system and investigate its gene transfection efficiency in human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE-19) cells in vitro. The pHA-LCS-NPs was prepared by firstly hydrating dry lipid film with CS-NPs suspension to get LCS-NPs, then modifying the lipid bilayer with HA by amidation reaction between HA and dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Its morphology, particle size and zeta potential were investigated. XTT assay was used to evaluate the cell safety of different vectors in vitro. The gene transfection efficiency of pHA-LCS-NPs modified with different contents of HA was investigated in ARPE-19 cells with green fluorescent protein (pEGFP) as the reporter gene. The results showed that the obtained pHA-LCS-NPs exhibited a clear core-shell structure with the average particles size of (214.9 +/- 7.2) nm and zeta potential of (-35 +/- 3.7) mV. The 24 h cumulative release of gene from pHA-LCS-NPs was less than 30%. After 48 h incubation, gene transfection efficiency of pHA-LCS-NPs/pEGFP was 1.81 times and 3.75 times higher than that of CS-NPs/pEGFP and naked pEGFP, respectively. Also no obvious cytotoxicity was observed on pHA-LCS-NPs. It suggested that the pHA-LCS-NPs might be promising non-viral gene delivery systems with high efficiency and low cytotoxicity.

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in the proliferation, growth, invasion, and metastasis of human cancers. Moreover, β-catenin/T-cell factor 4 (TCF4) interaction regulates the transcription of the key oncogenes in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Therefore, β-catenin/TCF4 interaction would be a promising therapeutic target for the development of highly selective anticancer agents. At present, most ongoing small-molecule inhibitors targeting β-catenin/TCF4 interaction, including PKF222-815, iCRT3/5/14, LF3, and sanguinarine, have been developed in preclinical studies for human cancer therapeutics. In this review, we summarized the research advances of up-to date inhibitors targeting β-catenin/TCF4 interaction, including the molecular structure and cellular functions of β-catenin in canonical Wnt signaling pathway. This review holds a hopeful avenue for the development of novel and highly selective Wnt inhibitors targeting β-catenin/TCF4 interaction for future anticancer strategy.

ObjectiveToinvestigatethecorrelationbetween-2578C>Apolymorphismofvascular endothelium grow th factor (VEGF) gene and carotid atherosclerosis in Chinese Han population in Shandong, China. Methods A total of 384 subjects aged 45-85 in Chinese Han population in Shandong, China w ere enroled. They were divided into either an increased intima-media thickness (IMT) group ( n=248) or a control group (n=136) according to the vascular ultrasound results. The baseline clinical data, such as the demographic data, vascular risk factors, and blood biochemical indicators in both groups were colected. Polymerase chain reaction w as used to detect the VEGF gene -2578C>A polymorphism genotype and alele. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for increased carotid IMT. Results The proportions of hypertension ( 70.6%vs.59.6%;χ2 =4.793, P=0.032), diabetes (18.4%vs.29.0%; χ2 =5.281, P=0.027), hyperlipidemia ( 45.2%vs.33.1%; χ2 =7.883, P=0.006), previous previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (29.0%vs.16.9%;χ2 =6.294, P=0.009), smoking (35.9%vs.19.9%;χ2 =10.708, P=0.001), as w el as total cholesterol ( 4.82 ±1.25 mmol/L vs.4.57 ± 0.94 mmol/L; t= -2.072, P= 0.039 ), triglyceride ( median, interquartile range; 1.71[0.84-2.22] mmol/L vs.1.53[1.08-2.59] mmol/L;Z= -2.560 P=0.010), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (2.86 ±1.01 mmol/L vs.2.64 ±0.85 mmol/L; t= -2.407, P= 0.033 ), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.58 ±0.72 mmol/L vs.1.43 ±0.46 mmol/L;t= -2.183, P=0.030) in the increased IMT group, and there w ere significant differences compared w ith the control group. There w as significant difference in genotype frequency betw een the 2 groups (χ2 =10.131; P=0.006). There w as significant difference in C alele frequency between the increased IMT group and the control group (78.2% vs. 70.2%;χ2 =6.068, P=0.014). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that CC genotype (odds ratio 1.132, 95%confidence interval 1.021-2.141;P=0.029) w as an independent risk factor for increased carotid IMT. In 248 patients w ith increased IMT, 213 had at least 1 plaque, 76 (39.6%) of them w ere 1-2, 107 (43.15%) w ere 3-4, and 30 (12.1%) w ere 5-8 in plaque index. There w ere no significant differences in frequencies of genotypes (χ2 =6.766, P=0.149) and alele (χ2 =0.185, P=0.667) in the different plaque index groups. Conclusions -2578 single nucleotide polymorphism in the VEGF gene promoter is associated w ith carotid atherosclerosis, and C al ele may be its genetic susceptibility factor in Chinese Han population in Shandong, China.

Objective To investigate the expression of paired box 2 (Pax2) and E-cadherin in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and their correlation with clinicopathologic parameters.Methods The RCC tissue microarrays containing 85 renal cell carcinoma specimens and 35 normal kidney tissue specimens were used to detect Pax2 and E-cadherin expressions by immunohistochemistry.Results The positive expression rate of Pax2 was 77.6％ (66/85) in RCC specimens,which was significantly higher than that in 35 normal kidney tissue specimens (P ＜ 0.01).The positive expression rate of E-cadherin was 30.6％ (26/85) in RCC specimens,which was significantly lower than that in 35 normal kidney tissue specimens (P ＜ 0.01).The expression of Pax2 in RCC was significantly related to histological classification and pathological grade (P ＜ 0.05),while it was not related to the size of tumor and clinical stage (P ＞ 0.05).The expression of E-cadherin in RCC was significantly related to the size of tumor,histological classification,pathological grade and clinical stage (P ＜ 0.05).The positive expression rate of E-cadherin in survival group was significantly higher than that in death group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The abnormal expressions of Pax2 and E-cadherin may play a crucial stage in development of human RCC.Detection of the expressions of Pax2 and E-cadherin can be used in the evaluation of malignant degree and prognosis of RCC.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Spleen- strengthening decoction on GLP- 1 in patients with type II diabetes. METHODS: A randomized double- blind placebo- controlled test was conducted, and through observations for 8 wks, the changes of the two patient groups in plasma glucose, HbA1c, plasma GLP- 1 and Glucagon as well as TCM symptom score were measured for comparison. RESULTS: Before administration of Spleen- strengthening decoction, the two groups showed no significant difference in all of the indexes. After administration, the treatment group recorded lower indexes in fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c and plasma Glucagon, but higher index in fasting plasma GLP- 1, with no significant difference seen in other indexes. CONCLUSIONS: Spleen- strengthening decoction can improve glucose metabolism through heightening fasting plasma GLP- 1, and lowering both Glucagon and fasting plasma glucose.

Objective To study the clinical significances of CD14bright CD16bright cell subset in pe-ripheral blood of patients with gastric cancer (GC). Methods The CD14bright CD16bright cells in peripheral blood samples collected from 124 patients with gastric cancer ( GC), 130 patients with chronic gastritis (CG) and 80 normal healthy controls (HC) were measured by using flow cytometry. Differences in the CD14bright CD16bright cells between different groups were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test. The feasibili-ty of using CD14bright CD16bright cells as a potential biomarker for differentiating GC patients from CG was as-sessed by using the receiver operating characteristic ( ROC) curve analysis. Correlations between the CD14bright CD16bright cells and clinicopathologic parameters of GC were analyzed with multivariate correlation analysis. Results The percentages of CD14bright CD16bright cells in peripheral blood samples and in CD14bright monomuclear cells collected from the patients with GC [median: 0. 38% (0. 23% -0. 52% ) and 6. 61%(4. 23% -9. 56% )] were significantly higher than those of the CG and HC groups [ median: 0. 11%(0. 07% -0. 15% ) and 5. 08% (3. 35% -6. 42% ); median: 0. 05% (0. 03% -0. 07% ) and 5. 09%(4. 20% -7. 40% )] (P<0. 01). The area under the ROC curve for CD14bright CD16bright cells in the peripher-al blood was 0. 934 (95% CI: 0. 900-0. 968) indicating that the value of CD14bright CD16bright cells in the di-agnosis of GC was much higher than that of alpha fetoprotein (AFP), cacino-embryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen CA199. The area under the ROC curve for combined multi-markers by using logistic model (CD14bright CD16bright cell subset and serum tumor markers) was 0. 947 (95% CI: 0. 920-0. 973). The CD14bright CD16bright cells were closely associated with lymphocyte cells ( P < 0. 01). Conclusion The CD14bright CD16bright cells were dramatically increased in the peripheral blood of patients with gastric cancer, which could be used as a biomarker in the diagnosis of gastric cancer.

Objective To explore the correlation between the length of peristaltic break (LPB) and the severity of the symptoms in patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) and negative pH monitoring.Methods A total of 35 patients with NERD and negative pH monitoring were enrolled,and at same time 10 healthy individuals were selected as controls.The LPB of esophageal body of both groups was measured by high resolution manometry (HRM).Meanwhile,the symptom of NERD patients with negative pH monitoring was scored.The LPB of esophageal body between the two groups was compared by t test.The correlation between the LPB and the severity of the symptoms in NERD patients with negative pH monitoring was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis.Results The average LPB of esophageal body of NERD patients with negative pH monitoring was (3.3±0.9)cm,which was longer than that of healthy controls ((1.2 ± 0.4) cm),and the difference was statistically significant (t=9.17,P＜0.01).The symptom score of NERD patients with negative pH monitoring was 21.6± 7.8.There was a positive correlation between the LPB and NERD symptom score (r=0.894,P＜ 0.01).Conclusion The LPB of esophageal body is a kind of expression of esophageal motility dysfunction,which is correlated with the symptom of NERD.

Objective To probe therapeutic effect of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation on diabetic lower extremity vascular disease and its association with serum level of HGF.Methods 79 diabetic lower extremity vascular disease cases was divided into regular treated group (group A):40 cases,80 affected limbs;autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation treated group (group B):39 cases,78 affected limbs.And the therapeutic effect as well as serum level of HGF was evaluated after 6-month treatment.Results (1)After one-week treatment,there was significant statistically with limb pain,cold feeling of affected limbs,skin temperature,serum level of HGF among group B compared with pretreatment and group A(P