Membrane proteins are the main undertakers of biofilm function, and also the most important target group for innovative drug discovery and research. About 60% of drugs targets are membrane proteins. Due to the obvious aggregation and denaturation tendency of membrane proteins in aqueous solution, it is difficult to simulate the membrane like environment to maintain the correct conformation of membrane proteins in vitro, which results in the slower-growing research on the structure and function of membrane proteins and related ligand drugs than that of water-soluble proteins. Membrane protein stabilization technology is the premise of establishing high specificity, high sensitivity and high throughput drug screening methods for membrane protein ligands, which is of great significance. In this paper, some techniques for stable separation and purification of membrane proteins are reviewed, including detergents, artificial membranes, polymers, lentiviral particles and so on, as well as their specific applications in drug screening.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Fibula ; injuries ; Fractures, Bone ; therapy ; Humans ; Male ; Manipulation, Orthopedic ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Splints ; Tibial Fractures ; therapy ; Traction ; methods ; Treatment Failure

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mucociliary Clearance ; Nasal Mucosa ; diagnostic imaging ; physiology ; Radioimmunoassay ; Radioisotopes ; Radionuclide Imaging

The UK Ebola-countering Operation in Sierra Leone from September 2014 to November 2015 called Operation Gritrock and its countermeasures were briefly introduced , such as the national strategy , aero-maritime deployment , self medical support , base-oriented training and international cooperation .A comparative analysis was made of operations of the same type between the UK and China in terms of mission-orientation, command and control , deployment timeline , past experience, deployment routes, logistics and assistance effects.Four implications for China′s military function construction in future international disaster relief operations were also summarized at the strategic , operational and tactical levels .

Liquid-phase microextraction is a novel pretreatment technique for biological samples developed on the basis of liquid-phase extraction technology, which is simple, rapid, economical, and environmentally friendly, and has been widely used in the analysis of biological matrix samples such as blood, urine, and saliva. In this paper, we review the basic principles of the main modes of liquid-phase microextraction techniques, i.e., single-drop microextraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction, and the progress of their applications in biological sample pretreatment by reviewing the literature in the past five years, with a view to providing technical support and reference for sample pretreatment in the fields of in vivo drug analysis, pharmacokinetic studies and new drug development.

Adult ; Anemia, Aplastic ; chemically induced ; genetics ; immunology ; Benzene ; poisoning ; Gene Expression ; Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta ; genetics ; Humans ; Male

ABC transporters on the intestinal barrier, blood-brain barrier and on tumor cells will affect drug bioavailability, transport across the blood-brain barrier and multidrug resistance. The active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines can affect the function and expression of ABC transporters. When combined with pharmaceuticals the potential interaction between the two can change the efficacy of the medicines. We review the ABC transporter superfamily and their distribution with regard to their relationship and interactions with traditional Chinese medicine on the intestinal barrier and the blood-brain barrier, as well as their role in tumor multidrug resistance mediated by ABC transporters. We summarize the research progress over the past five years.

The research aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Opuntia dillenii Haw polysaccharide (OPS) on atherosclerosis of rats. First atherosclerotic rat models were established by high-fat and high-calcium diet. Thirty days later, the rats were treated with low dosage of OPS (0.2 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)) or high dosage of OPS (0.4 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)) by intraperitoneal injection for 60 days continuously. At the end of treatment, thoracic aorta rings were prepared and vasorelaxation of rat thoracic aorta in different experiment groups were determined by using 620M multi wire myograph system in vitro. Blood and livers of rats were collected. Then plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) of rats were separately determined using whole automatic biochemical analyzer; protein level of hepatic apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and that of hepatic diglyceride acyltransferase (Dgat1) were measured by Western Blot technique. Results showed that the ability of rat thoracic aorta to relax decreased markedly in the model group compared with that in the normal group, and significant differences existed in vasorelaxation ratios induced by different concentrations of carbamylcholine chloride (Carb) between these two groups (P < 0.01). After OPS treatment, the ability of rat thoracic aorta to relax improved markedly, the vasorelaxation ratios induced by Carb at 5 and 10 μmol x L(-1) were respectively 0.34 ± 0.08 and 0.62 ± 0.15 in the group treated with low dosage of OPS, while the ratios induced by Carb at 1 and 5 μmol x L(-1) were respectively 0.54 ± 0.08 and 0.98 ± 0.02 in the group treated with high dosage of OPS, which were all significantly different with those in the model group (P < 0.01). Plasma contents of TC, TG and LDL reduced significantly by the treatments both with low and high dosages of OPS compared with those in the model group (P < 0.01). Protein level of hepatic ApoB and that of hepatic Dgat1 decreased significantly after the treatment with high dosage of OPS compared with those in the model group (P < 0.01). These results indicate that OPS can markedly improve the vasorelaxation of thoracic aorta of atherosclerotic rats and has significant anti-atherosclerotic effect; inhibiting the expression of ApoB and Dgat1 and thus decreasing the amounts of TC, LDL and TG serving as one of the molecular mechanisms of its antiatherosclerosis effect.
Animals ; Aorta, Thoracic ; drug effects ; Atherosclerosis ; drug therapy ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; blood ; Opuntia ; chemistry ; Phytotherapy ; Rats ; Triglycerides ; blood

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral infectivity factor (Vif), one of the accessory proteins, which is a small basic phosphoprotein, is essential for viral replication and pathogenesis. The best well-characterized function of Vif is its ability to neutralize the host cell antiviral factor, apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide like 3G (APOBEC3G), which makes the viral particles more infective. In addition, Vif can regulate the reverse transcription and the advanced stage of replication of the virus particle, as well as induce the termination of cell cycle at G2 stage and so on. The designed drug aimed directly at Vif can efficiently block the maturation and infectivity of HIV-1. In this review, the structure, function and especially the related inhibitors of Vif are reviewed.
APOBEC-3G Deaminase ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Anti-HIV Agents ; pharmacology ; Cytidine Deaminase ; metabolism ; Ethylenediamines ; pharmacology ; HIV-1 ; physiology ; Humans ; Reverse Transcription ; Virus Replication ; vif Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus ; antagonists & inhibitors ; genetics ; metabolism ; physiology

BACKGROUNDTo determine the antigenicity of recombinant hepatitis E virus ORF2 (rHEV ORF2) protein expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris).

METHODSBy using the rHEV ORF2 protein from E.coli as control, an indirect ELISA was adopted to identify the sensitivity, specificity and stability of rHEV ORF2 protein from P. pastoris in detection of HEV IgM and IgG antibody in sera from patients with hepatitis E. The reactivity of the rHEV ORF2 against 5 HEV ORF2 monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) was also tested.

RESULTSThe minimum concentration of coated antigen with which HEV IgG could be detected was 12.5 ng/ml, while the highest serum dilution to detect both IgM and IgG antibodies against HEV was 1:5 120. No cross-reaction was found with sera from patients with any other types of hepatitis. The 37 degree C acceleration test showed that the rORF2 was highly stable within 12 months at 4 degrees C. The 5 HEV ORF2 McAbs showed better reaction with the rORF2 from P. pastoris, especially that 4B2, 2E2, whose reaction against the rORF2 were 125 and 25 times respectively higher than that of rORF2 from E.Coli.

CONCLUSIONThere may be more extensive conformational epitopes in the rHEV ORF2 from P. pastoris. The excellent antigenicity, sensitivity and stability suggest that it can be served as a new candidate antigen for the development of diagnostic reagents of hepatitis E.

Gene Expression ; Hepatitis Antibodies ; blood ; Hepatitis Antigens ; genetics ; immunology ; Hepatitis E ; immunology ; Hepatitis E virus ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans ; Pichia ; genetics ; metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; immunology