Objective To analyze plague epidemic tendency in the Three-River Region of Qinghai.Methods Using retrospective study,the Three-River Region during 1954-2006 year pestis epidemic focus were investigated and analyzed.Result Pestis prevailed mainly in Yushu,Chindu,Qumalai,Nangqian,Zhiduo and the Geermu.Tanghla Township.It was first found that the nature plague focus of miefitus existed in Chengduo County.There are 1 5 kinds of 12 branches in 8 trees infected plague animals were founded,336 Yersinia pestis were separated from the driven objects.Among them there were 291 Himalayas marmot body,account for 86.60%of the total,13 of Tibet sheep,accounts for 3.87%.10 of Qinghai field-mouse,accounts for 2.98%,Also there were 114 Yersinia pestis which were separated from each kind of vector insect in vivo.And,46 pestis strains came from the axe shape of flea in vivo account for 40.35%(46/114),38 pestis strains separated from Xie mountain flea,account for 33.33% (38/114).During 1960-2006 years there were 85 human plague cases were founded,238 occurred,134 died,the case fatality rate wero 56.30%(134/238),the popular seasons were started from May to November,the peak season happened in Aug and Sep.After Oct mainly due to Tibet sheep pestis which will cause as the origin of infection.The majority of sickness was pulmonary plague,account for 49.58%(117/238),whereas the first round case caused by the gland bubonic plague,account for 77.12%(91/118).Conclusions There are two pestis strains natural epidemic focus places in Three-River Source Region of Qinghai including the Himalayas marmot pestis strain and the Qinghai field-mouse pestis strain.The case of human pestis strain causes by the marmot strain,the fiehl-mouse mold mushroom spawn causes human pestis strain has not yet discovered,Three-River Source Region of Qinghai is a pestis strain key popular area in Qinghai Province.

The research aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Opuntia dillenii Haw polysaccharide (OPS) on atherosclerosis of rats. First atherosclerotic rat models were established by high-fat and high-calcium diet. Thirty days later, the rats were treated with low dosage of OPS (0.2 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)) or high dosage of OPS (0.4 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)) by intraperitoneal injection for 60 days continuously. At the end of treatment, thoracic aorta rings were prepared and vasorelaxation of rat thoracic aorta in different experiment groups were determined by using 620M multi wire myograph system in vitro. Blood and livers of rats were collected. Then plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) of rats were separately determined using whole automatic biochemical analyzer; protein level of hepatic apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and that of hepatic diglyceride acyltransferase (Dgat1) were measured by Western Blot technique. Results showed that the ability of rat thoracic aorta to relax decreased markedly in the model group compared with that in the normal group, and significant differences existed in vasorelaxation ratios induced by different concentrations of carbamylcholine chloride (Carb) between these two groups (P < 0.01). After OPS treatment, the ability of rat thoracic aorta to relax improved markedly, the vasorelaxation ratios induced by Carb at 5 and 10 μmol x L(-1) were respectively 0.34 ± 0.08 and 0.62 ± 0.15 in the group treated with low dosage of OPS, while the ratios induced by Carb at 1 and 5 μmol x L(-1) were respectively 0.54 ± 0.08 and 0.98 ± 0.02 in the group treated with high dosage of OPS, which were all significantly different with those in the model group (P < 0.01). Plasma contents of TC, TG and LDL reduced significantly by the treatments both with low and high dosages of OPS compared with those in the model group (P < 0.01). Protein level of hepatic ApoB and that of hepatic Dgat1 decreased significantly after the treatment with high dosage of OPS compared with those in the model group (P < 0.01). These results indicate that OPS can markedly improve the vasorelaxation of thoracic aorta of atherosclerotic rats and has significant anti-atherosclerotic effect; inhibiting the expression of ApoB and Dgat1 and thus decreasing the amounts of TC, LDL and TG serving as one of the molecular mechanisms of its antiatherosclerosis effect.
Animals ; Aorta, Thoracic ; drug effects ; Atherosclerosis ; drug therapy ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Lipoproteins, LDL ; blood ; Opuntia ; chemistry ; Phytotherapy ; Rats ; Triglycerides ; blood

A reliable method for simultaneous determinition of eleven representative components (neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, shanzhiside, geniposidic acid, genipin-1-β-D-gentiobioside, geniposide and secoxyloganin) in combination of chromatographic fingerpint analysis for Reduning injection was developed by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The method was performed on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 anlytical column (3. 0 mm x 100 mm, 1. 8 µm) with a guard column of Agilent UPLC Guard ZORBAX SB-C18 (3.0 mm x 5 mm) at the column temperature of 30 °C. The gradient mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (A)-0. 1% phosphoric acid (B) with a flow rate of 0. 4 mL . min-1. The injection volumn was 2 µL. The detection wavelengths were set at 324 nm and 238 nm for quantit tive analysis and 225 nm for fingerpint chromatography. Neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, shanzhiside, geniposidic acid, genipin-1-β-D-gentiobioside, geniposide and secoxyloganin were baseline seperated with good linearity relationships (r >0. 999) between concentration and peak areas over the linear ranges. The average recoverys of the investigated compounds were 103.5%, 100. 2%, 103. 3%, 102. 8%, 101. 3%, 102. 8%, 97. 36%, 99. 62%, 98. 16%, 102. 8%, 99. 27%, respectively. Reduning injection of forty-five batches was analyzed by UPLC finge print chromatography. Thirty batches were selected to generate the reference fringerprint chromatography with fourteen common peaks. The similarity values between the reference fringerprint chromatography and the remaining fifteen batches were higher than 0. 99. The developed method was fast, accurate and sensitive. It could be used as a reference for the quality control of multiple components determination and fingerprint chromatography for Reduning injection in future.
Chlorogenic Acid ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; standards ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; standards ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; standards ; Iridoids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; standards ; Quality Control ; Reference Standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo study the protective effect of carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation on the serious limb ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and which effects caused to shock in rats.

METHODS36 SD rats were randomly divided into I/R, I/R + CO (RC), sham operation (S) groups. I/R injury models were made by the occlusion of the femoral artery for 8 h and the reperfusion for 12 h, 10 d. Before reperfusion of 2 h, RC group started to breathe medical air containing CO (the volume fraction of CO: 0.075%) continuously, until after reperfusion for 4 h, a total of inhalation 6 h. S, I/R groups exposed to air, breathe freely. Caudal artery pressures (CAP), ten days survival rate, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activity, limb wet - to - dry weight ratio (W/D) and the pathologic changes of limb were observed.

RESULTSOnce the reperfusion started, the CAP decreased rapidly in I/R group, and the mean reduced to(5.3259 +/- 0.3832) kPa when reperfusion for 8 h. Compared to I/R group, the CAP decreased slower and smaller in RC group, moreover, its mean reduced to (8.3300 +/- 0.4224) kPa when reperfusion for 8 h. The 10 d survival rate in I/R group was that 8 rats died all between reperfusion for 13 - 20 h. Only 1 rat died in RC group and the other 7 rats were still alive when reperfusion for 10 d. Compared to I/R group, the pathological features of the ischemic limb were significant ly improved, and the figures of W/D, serum LDH and CK value were remarkable lower in RC group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONInhaling exogenous low-dose CO has a reverse regulation in the blood pressure decline caused by serious limb I/R injury in rats. And at the same time, it can effectively prevent the occurrence of shock, reduce physical damage, significantly increase the survival rate of animals.

Administration, Inhalation ; Animals ; Carbon Monoxide ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Extremities ; blood supply ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; blood ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; physiopathology ; prevention & control ; Shock ; etiology ; prevention & control

Quantitative models were established to analyze the content of chlorogenic acid and soluble solid content in the liquid-liquid extraction of Reduning injection by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Seven batches of extraction solution from the liquid-liquid extraction of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Artemisiae Annuae Herba were collected and NIR off-line spectra were acquired. The content of chlorogenic acid and soluble solid content were determined by the reference methods. The partial least square (PLS) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to build models to predict the content of chlorogenic acid and soluble solid content in the unknown samples. For PLS models, the R2 of calibration set were 0.9872, 0.9812, RMSEC were 0.1533, 0.7943, the R2 of prediction set were 0.9837, 0.9733, RMSEP were 0.2464, 1.2594, RSEP were 3.25%, 3.31%, for chlorogenic acid and soluble solid content, respectively. For ANN models, the R2 of calibration set were 0.9903, 0.9882, RMSEC were 0.0974, 0.4543, the R2 of prediction set were 0.9868, 0.9699, RMSEP were 0.1920, 0.9427, RSEP were 2.61%, 2.75%, for chlorogenic acid and soluble solid content, respectively. Both the RSEP values of chlorogenic acid and soluble solid content were lower than 6%, which can satisfy the quality control standard in the traditional Chinese medicine production process. The RSEP values of ANN models were lower than PLS models, which indicated the ANN models had better predictive performance for chlorogenic acid and soluble solid content. The established method can rapidly measure the content of chlorogenic acid and soluble solid content. The method is simple, accurate anc reliable, thus can be used for quality control of the liquid-liquid extraction of Reduning injection.
Chlorogenic Acid ; analysis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Injections ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Liquid-Liquid Extraction ; standards ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Quality Control ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; methods

OBJECTIVETo study the protective effect of carbon monoxide(CO) inhalation in the limb ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of rats.

METHODSForty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: S, I/R and RC groups. I/R injury model was made by the occlusion of the femoral artery for four hours and the reperfusion for forty-eight hours. RC group was exposed to medical air mixed CO (the volume fraction of CO: 0.05%) during limb reperfusion in rats. The other two groups were exposed to the routine air. Gross morphology of the ischemic limb, wet-to-dry weight ratio (W/D), and skeletal muscle histopathology were observed. The apoptosis index and expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 in the muscle were assessed with Flow Cytometry. The activities of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) were tested by Automatic Biochemical Analyzer.

RESULTSCompared to I/R group, W/D, serum LDH and CK activities, the apoptosis index and Bax expression level in the muscle were all significantly decreased, the Bcl-2 expression level was significantly increased, gross morphology of the ischemic limb and muscle histopathology were obviously improved in RC group.

CONCLUSIONInhaling exogenous CO can attenuate limb I/R injury.

Administration, Inhalation ; Animals ; Carbon Monoxide ; pharmacology ; Creatine Kinase ; metabolism ; Extremities ; blood supply ; Femoral Artery ; Ischemia ; physiopathology ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Male ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; prevention & control ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein ; metabolism

Abdominal Pain ; etiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Male ; Mesentery ; pathology ; Recurrence

Objective To analyze the endemic features of plague in Qinghai province between 2000 and 2009, discover the law of occurrence and progression, in order to provide a scientific basis for further prevention and treatment of the disease. Methods Descriptive epidemiology was employed to analyze the data from on the spot investigation, monitoring reports and papers published between 2000 and 2009. The indicators included the area, host and media distribution of animal plague and area, time, and population distribution of human plague.Results In Qinghai province between 2000 and 2009, 189 strains of Yersinia pestis were isolated from a variety of animals and insect vectors, including 77 from the marmot, accounting for 40.74%, 40 from Callopaylla dolabris,accounting for 21.16%. Positive serum antibodies against F1 plague were detected in 238 samples, including 90 samples from husbandry dogs, 63 from woodchucks. The areas with Yersinia pestis were consistent with the areas with positive serum antibodies against F1 plague, which distributed mainly along the Qinghai-Tibet railway Wulan county, Delhi and Golmud Multi-county;confirmed that there was natural foci of plague in Qinghai vole. Between 2000 and 2009, 13 events of human plague occurred, with 37 cases and 16 patients died, mortality was 43.24%.Cases were distributed in 11 townships of Tongde, Xinghai, Qilian, Wulan, Tianjun, Nangqian, Qumalai,Chengduo and Zhiduo counties. May to October was the disease season, with September the peak. Pneumonic plague disease type was the main mode of transmission of the plague and patients often contacted with airborne droplets through the air and peeling fresh Marmota. Conclusions Plague in Qinghai province is still grim,strengthening animal plague surveillance, and timely disposal of animal plague, improving the province's agricultural and pastoral areas, especially increase the disease prevention consciousness of the masses are future tasks. Work should be focused on strengthening the prevention and control of plague along Qinghai-Tibet railway,and prevent the occurrence and long-distance transmission of human plague.

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Kangliu Zengxiao Decoction (KLZX) in treating patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

METHODSSixty-one patients with confirmed diagnosis of NSCLC of IIIa-IV stage were randomly assigned to the treatment group (32 patients) and the control group (29 patients). Both groups were treated with two cycles of chemotherapy NP regimen, while KLZX was given to the treatment group additionally.

RESULTSAs compared with the control group, the improvements in the treatment group was better in terms of majority of clinical symptoms, median survival time, Karnofski score and body weight, also in increasing immune function, decreasing levels of tumor marks (CEA, VEGF, CYFRA21-1) and alleviating hemopoietic and digestive adverse reactions. But the two groups showed insignificant difference in reducing tumor size and stabilizing tumor foci.

CONCLUSIONCombined use of KLZX and chemotherapy has the toxicity reducing and effect enhancing action, is one of the effective approaches for treatment of advanced NSCLC.

Adult ; Aged ; Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy ; Prospective Studies ; Single-Blind Method ; Treatment Outcome

Meloxicam concentration in skin was determined following topical administration of meloxicam patches in hairless mouse. Samples were analysized by HPLC coupled with microdialysis sampling technique, in which in vivo recovery of probe was characterized by the retrodialysis method. It was indicated that the in vivo recovery of the probe was 14.0%. The range of steady state concentration of meloxicam in dialysate was 24-50 ng x mL(-1), and that was 170-360 ng x mL(-1) in the hairless mouse skin. Steady state concentration of meloxicam was reached shortly after the application of meloxicam patches, which was maintained during the period of experiment.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Isoenzymes ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Mice ; Mice, Hairless ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Microdialysis ; Skin ; metabolism ; Skin Absorption ; Thiazines ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics ; Thiazoles ; administration & dosage ; pharmacokinetics