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Objective To draw up the Chinese Words Reading Test and try to use it as way of premorbid intelligence. Methods 373 health middle-elderly people as study subjects, from five communities in Shanghai city, are between age 55 and 85, and their edueational background is junior high school or above, and their MMSE scores are more than 24 points. 34 of the cases have finished CWRT and Weehsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Chinese Revised edition. The main analysis indicators of CWRT: CWRT-Ⅰ for number of right reading 50 characters and CWRT-Ⅱ for 50 words. Results Both CWRT-Ⅰ and CWRT-Ⅱ are relative to education level( r = 0.462,0.489, and P < 0.01), while the correlation with age is not signifieant. Performance of the male participants are better than that of the female. The coefficient of correlation between scores of CWRT-Ⅰ and full IQ of WAIS is 0.79. The mean and standard deviation of scores of CWRT-Ⅰ and CWRT-Ⅱ for the normal elder people with different education levels and gender are provided. Conclusion CWRT is not very diffieuh or easy, and is highly relative to score of WAIS. So it can be used as an evaluating tool for premorbid intelligence.

Objective: To develop Auditory Verbal Memory Test (AVMT) suitable for Chinese elderly. Method:100 normal elderly and 22 patients with mild to moderate Alz heimer' s disease were evaluated by AVMT, mini mental state examination. 40 person randomly selected from the 100 sample were assessed in follow up by AVMT, Wechsler Memory Scale ( Chinese Revised Version), information and similaritias subtests of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Chinese Revised Version (WAIS- RC) . Results: The correlation between inter- raters was 0.99, test- retest reliability at 3 months interval were 0.87～0.94. Education was a prominent influence factor of memory and recognition of AVMT. There were significant correlation between third recall, short delayed recall and total scores of VMS- RC, between long delayed recall and verbal sceres of WAIS - RC. Semantic clustering strategy showed gradual strongly correlation with measures of recall ability in higher education group. Performance of Alzheimer group was poorer than that of matched normal control. Scores of long delayed re call differed most obviously in group comparison. Conclusion: AVMT had good reliability and validity

AIM: To assess the prevalence of refractive errors in middle school students in Lanzhou city and explore the risk factors for myopia.METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. A questionnaire assessed the students' socioeconomic background and visual tasks followed by visual acuity assessment and a full eye examination including slit lamp examination, fundus evaluation, retinoscopy, and subjective refraction.RESULTS: Among 2 256 enumerated students aged 15-19 years, 2 037 (90.3%) students had significant refractive errors. Myopia was the leading refractive error (1 951/2 256,86.5%), astigmatism was the second most common refractive error (921/2 256, 40.8%), but amblyopia (10/2 256, 0.4%),strabismus (5/2 256, 0.2%), hyperopia (4/2 256, 0.2%) and other treatable eye disorders were uncommon. Almost 95.3% of students with significant refractive errors wore spectacles before the survey. Age, sex, visual tasks, and a parental history of myopia were risk factors for myopia.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of refractive errors and the risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren in Lanzhou city are similar to those reported in other regions of China.Interventions of myopia progression should be performed to protect the visual acuity of school-aged students.

AIM: To observe the efficacy of Medpor porous polyethylene implants in treatment of enophthalmos combined with orbital fracture.
METHODS: Seventeen cases ( 17 eyes ) with enophthalmos caused by orbital fracture underwent surgical treatment with Medpor porous polyethylene implants. All accepted a 6-mo follow-up and the data of enophthalmos, eyeball movement and diplopia were collected.
RESULTS: The average difference of exophthalmos between damaged eyes and undamaged eyes was (3. 4±1. 5 ) mm preoperatively, two cases had residual 1mm enophthalmos 6mo after surgery, while other 15 cases were completely corrected. Seventeen cases suffered from eyeball movement restriction and diplopia preoperatively, 16 cases had normal eyeball movement without diplopia 6mo after surgery, 1 case with limitation of abduction and horizontal diplopia. There was no extrusion, rejection, infection or other complications occurred during follow-up.
CONCLUSION: Medpor porous polyethylene implants can effectively improve the orbit volume to repair enophthalmos caused by orbital fracture.

AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and stability by comparing acuity and diopter of small incision lenticule extraction ( SMILE) , femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis ( FS-LASIK ) and laser in situ keratomileusis ( LASIK ) in treating myopia with a follow-up of 6mo.
METHODS: A retrospective study, 42 cases ( 84 eyes ) received SMILE, 37 cases ( 74 eyes ) received FS-LASIK and 31cases (62 eyes) undergone LASIK in our hospital during Apr. 2014 to Jun. 2014 were involved. The follow-up data of 6mo was analyzed. The preoperative spherical equivalent was -5. 91±1. 83D, -5. 89±1. 96D, -5. 88±1. 68D in SMILE, FS-LASIK and LASIK group, respectively. The differences of preoperative best corrected visual acuity ( BCVA ) , pupil diameter ( PD ) and central corneal thickness ( CCT ) had no statistically significant between three groups. The postoperative uncorrected visual acuity ( UCVA) , BCVA and diopter were comparative analyzed at 1wk, 1, 3 and 6m after surgery.
RESULTS:1) No patients lost to follow-up of 1wk and 1mo. A total of 10 eyes (5 cases), 10 eyes (5 cases) and 8 eyes (4 cases) lost to follow-up of 3m in SMILE、FS-LASIK and LASIK group, respectively, and raised to 18 eyes (9 cases), 12 eyes (6 cases) and 14 eyes (7 cases) in follow-up of 6m. 2) At 1wk follow-up, the differences of UCVA between SMILE group, FS- LASIK group vs LASIK group was statistically significant respectively ( t=4. 098, P=0. 000;t=2. 493, P=0. 004). 3) In LASIK group, the differences of UCVA between 1wk vs 3, 6m follow-up was statistically significant respectively (t=3. 410, P=0. 001;t=3. 771, P=0. 000), the differences of UCVA between 1m and 6m follow-up was statistically significant (t=2. 283, P=0. 026). 4) The differences of diopter were not statistically significant among three groups at 1wk, 1, 3 and 6mo follow-up respectively (χ2=0. 119, P=0. 942;χ2=1. 504, P=0. 471;χ2=0. 949, P=0. 622; χ2=0. 277, P=0. 871). 5) the differences of eyes with UCVA≥5. 0 was statistically significant between SMILE group vs FS-LASIK group, LASIK group at 1wk follow-up (χ2=9. 249, P=0. 002<0. 05/3;χ2=12. 906, P=0. 000<0. 05/3), there was no significant statistical difference between FS-LASIK group and LASIK group (χ2=0. 500, P=0. 604). 6) there was no significant statistical difference of eyes with SE (±0. 50D) at any time post operation among three groups (χ2=0. 809, P=0. 697;χ2=1. 176, P=0. 634;χ2=0. 871, P=0. 736;χ2=0. 683, P=0. 770).CONCLUSION: All of SMILE, FS-LASIK and LASIK are effective and stable on treating myopia according to follow-up of 6mo. However, in this study, SMILE group shows more effective than FS-LASIK and LASIK at 1wk, which could enhance postoperative UCVA more rapidly.

Objective:To analyze neuropsychological characteristics of a Chinese patient with semantic dementia (SD)。Methods:A patient with SD was selected to finish 11 neuropsychological tests and MRI and XeCT。Results:(1)Selective impairment of semantic memory caused severe anomia, impaired spoken and written single-word comprehension, reduced generation of exemplars on category fluency tests and an impoverished fund of general knowledge; (2)relative sparing of other components of language output and comprehension; normal perceptual skill and non-verbal problem-solving abilities; relatively preserved episodic memory; (3)a reading disorder with pattern of surface dyslexia;(4) radiological investigations (MRI and XeCT) have shown severe left temporal neocortex atrophy.Conclusion:There are similar clinical and neuropsychological characteristics for SD between the Chinese patient and the sample of Western. Selective impairment of semantic memory may bring about by left temporal neocortex atrophy。

Objective:To analyze identify method of mild cognitive impairment. Methods:The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Chinese Revised (WAIS-RC) and Wechsler Memory Scale-Chinese Revised (WMS-RC) were examined in 150 patients with memory complaints. 63 individuals whose intelligence quotient (IQ) and memory quotient (MQ) over 85 were designated as normal elderly group;and 33 individuals whose IQ scores over 85 and MQ score between 70 and 84 as mild cognitive impairment(MCI-1) group; and 25 individuals whose IQ scores over 85 and MQ scores between 55 and 69 as MCI-2 group; 29 individuals whose IQ scores and MQ scores less than 85 and conformed with DSM-Ⅳ as Alzheimer disease group.Results: Picture short memory and mental control (B)showed the highest identification between the 2 MCI groups and normal elderly group. Besides, visual reproduction played an important role in mild memory decline (MCI-1) group. Tactile memory, logical memory and associated learning played an important role in moderate memory decline (MCI-2) group.Conclusion: Picture short memory and mental control (B) contribute to identify MCI speedily and effectively.

Objective:To assess clinical validity of the Chinese version of Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) in differentiating dementia of Alzheimer type (AD). Methods:Administered the DRS, mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and clinical dementia rating(CDR) to 61 outpatients with AD and 104 healthy elderly subjects in Shanghai.Results:There was significant correlation between DRS and the total score,and DRS and MMSE.DRS of the AD group had significant correlation with CDR.Its significant correlation with CDR suggested satisfactory concurrent validity of the scale. The optimal DRS cutoff score for AD according to education level revealed a sensitivity of 85%～94% and a specificity of 90%～94%.Conclusion:The DRS is a clinically valid test for the detection of AD and its severity of cognitive impairment.

Objective: To analyze neuropsychological test identification of neurodegenerative (NMCI) and vascular (VMCI) subtypes of mild cognitive impairment. Methods: 94 normal elderly, 107 NMCI and 32 VMCI were evaluated by neuropsychological tests, such as mini mental state examination(MMSE), auditory verbal memory test (AVMT), Rey-Osterrich complex figure test (CFT), trailmaking test (TMT), Stroop Color Words Test (CWT), Verbal fluency test (VFT) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT). MMSE total score of 3 groups were 28.1?1.6, 26.9?1.8 and 26.2?1.7 , respectively. Results: There are similar global severity between NMCI and VMCI groups. VMCI group performed better than NMCI group in verbal delay memory rather than verbal short memory, or figure memory. Stroop interference effect and TMT interference effect of VMCI group were more powerful significantly than that of NMCI. VMCI group also generated fewer figure copy score on CFT. But there wasn't difference on VFT and CDT. Conclusion: These results suggest that decline in executive function is associated with cerebral vascular factors, and decline in episodic memory (such as verbal delay memory) is associated with neurodegenerative factors.