Depression is a devastating mental disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD) that afflicts 16％ of the global population at some point in their lives. Currently available classical antide-pressants (SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs and MOIs), require a minimum of 2–4 weeks of continuous treat-ment to elicit therapeutic relief in depressed patients and are associated with high rates of non-respon-siveness, and limited duration of efficacy. Therefore, faster-acting antidepressant therapies are need-ed,particularly for patients at risk for suicide for current therapies for depression.Although the molecu-lar mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of depression are still largely unclear, previous studies have suggested that modulators of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling may have beneficial neuroprotective and antidepressant effects. Here, we review recent advances in understanding mTORC1 signaling in depression and potential therapeutic strategies resulting from modulation of the mTORC1 signaling network. We also highlight recent studies considered to support mTORC1 signaling modulation as a rapid-acting antidepressant therapy (e.g. ketamine, scopolamine, GLYX-13, (2R,6R)-HNK, Ro-256891 etc.) and discuss future research directions. Studies on prospec-tive next-generation rapid-acting antidepressant therapies should focus on developing more selective glutamate receptors(e.g.α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors(AMPARs) agonists or activators)that activate the mTORC1 signaling pathway free of ketamine's adverse effects.

Depression is one of the diseases with the highest disability rate in the world. A large number of studies have shown that the intake of unsaturated fatty acids can deal with depression while chronic overconsumption of saturated fatty acids is a risk factor for depression. It was suggested that the mechanism of saturated fatty acids inducing depression is related to the following four aspects: regulating the function which links to depression in whole brain and specific brain regions, including the hippocampus, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the striatum, and the prefrontal cortex; stimulating the secretion of inflammatory factors; affecting the balance and function of metabolic regulatory hormones, including leptin, adiponectin, glucocorticoid, and insulin; inducing the disturbance of intestinal flora. This article reviews the relationship between dietary fatty acids and depression, and the possible mechanisms by which saturated fatty acids induce depression from the four aspects mentioned above.

Objective:To compare the cognitive functions between elderly of Shanghai, Hong Kong and San Diego.Method:104 elderly in Shanghai was evaluated by the Chinese version of Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS)and mini-mental state examination (MMSE), the results were compared with that of 104 persons in Hong Kong and 150 elderly participants in San Diago.Result:Compared with Hong Kong participants, Shanghai participants performed significantly higher on one item, but there were significantly differences in five items between Shanghai participants and the San Diego participants which age and education were matched.Conclusion:Some DRS subscales or individual items may be susceptible to cultural differences.

Objective To investigate the effect of transfusion of allogeneic apoptotic splenocytes on immunological tolerance to pancreatic islets transplantation in rat. Method Recipient SD rats were rendered diabetic mellitus by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The apoptosis of donor Wistar rat splenocytes was induced by X-irradiation with electron linear accelerator. Pancreatic islets were isolated by intraductal collagenase P, and were purified by Ficoll-400 discontinuous density gradient after culturing for 1-2 days from donor Wistar rat. The diabetic SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, and respectively received infusion of Hanks solution, donor normal splenocytes, donor apoptotic splenocytes, and donor necrotic splenocytes via dorsal veins of penis, and then they received pancreatic islets from the same donor rat underneath their renal subcapsular space 7 days later. Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was used as immunological parameter of transplantation tolerance besides the observation of blood glucose level and allograft survival time. Islet graft failure was defined as the presence of a plasma glucose concentration of at least 11.0mmol/L on 2 successive days. Results The pre-infusion of donor apoptotic splenocytes significantly prolonged the survival time of allograft as shown by the median survival time (MST) of graft of 31days, and the longest survival time of 42 day, and it apparently decreased the rejection response in recipient SD rat in one-way mixed lymphocyte culture. Conclusion Transfusion of donor apoptotic splenocytes could induce immunological tolerance of allogenic islets transplantation in rat.

Objective To investigate the accuracy of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) in reflecting arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) during mechanical ventilation via laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in children. Methods Fifty-two ASA Ⅰ patients, aged 2-9 yr, weighing 10-30 kg, undergoing orthopaedic surgery under general anesthesia, were randomized into 2 groups (n = 26 each) : LMA group and endotracheal tube (ETT) group. After anesthesia was induced with fentanyl, propofol and succinycholine, LMA or ETT was inserted and the children were mechanically ventilated. After the hemodynamics was stable, arterial blood samples were obtained to detect PaCO2, and PETCO2 was recorded simultaneously. Results There was no significant difference in PaCO2 and PCT CO, between groups LMA and ETT ( P ＞ 0.05) . There was no significant difference between PaCO2 and PETCO2 in LMA group (P ＞ 0.05). Conclusion When mechanical ventilation is performed via LMA in children, PETCO2 can reliably reflect PaCO2 and guide the regulation of ventilatory parameters.

Objective To draw up the Chinese Words Reading Test and try to use it as way of premorbid intelligence. Methods 373 health middle-elderly people as study subjects, from five communities in Shanghai city, are between age 55 and 85, and their edueational background is junior high school or above, and their MMSE scores are more than 24 points. 34 of the cases have finished CWRT and Weehsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Chinese Revised edition. The main analysis indicators of CWRT: CWRT-Ⅰ for number of right reading 50 characters and CWRT-Ⅱ for 50 words. Results Both CWRT-Ⅰ and CWRT-Ⅱ are relative to education level( r = 0.462,0.489, and P < 0.01), while the correlation with age is not signifieant. Performance of the male participants are better than that of the female. The coefficient of correlation between scores of CWRT-Ⅰ and full IQ of WAIS is 0.79. The mean and standard deviation of scores of CWRT-Ⅰ and CWRT-Ⅱ for the normal elder people with different education levels and gender are provided. Conclusion CWRT is not very diffieuh or easy, and is highly relative to score of WAIS. So it can be used as an evaluating tool for premorbid intelligence.

ObjectiveTo study the necessity of treating prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc by active movement treatment. Methods68 patients with prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc were divided into the group of active movement treatment (31 cases) and the control group (37 cases). One year later, the recurrence rate and F wave motor nerve conduction velocity of two groups were compared. ResultsThere is a lower recurrence rate (P<0.05) and a faster F wave motor nerve conduction velocity (P<0.01) in the group of active movement treatment compared with the control group. F wave motor nerve conduction velocity of the group of active movement treatment is also faster than that of 1 year ago (P<0.001). Conclusions It is necessary for patients with prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc doing active movement.

Pneumoconiosis

Objective: To analyze auditory verbal memory impairment after isolated stroke lesions in subcerebral structure. Methods: Auditory verbal memory function was examined in 25 normal elderly and 83 patients at 20th day after their admission to hospital for acute cerebrovascular disease with non-aphasiaand solitary lesions as identified by cranial CT or MRI. Results: Test findings suggested patients with stroke of internal capsule-basal ganglia, cerebellum and pons lesion have processing impairments of recent memory and subjective organization which are related to concentration and arousal levels. Conclusion: Stroke of subcortical regions such as lesions of thalamus,internal capsule-basal ganglia,cerebellum and pons may induce memory impairments with unique impaired cognitive coding modalities.

BACKGROUND:Bone ultrastructural destruction is an important cause for bone strength decrease,bone friability and bone fracture incidence increase in osteoporosis.OBJECTIVE:To observe the ultrastructural changes of distal femur cancellous bone in glucocorticoid (GC)-treated rats by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).METHODS:A total of 32 female Sprague-Dawley rats,aged 3.5 months old,were respectively treated with methylprednisolone 3.5 mg/kg per day by subcutaneous injection to induce osteoporosis and normal saline.At 4 and 9 weeks,the distal femurs were coronary sectioned and rinsed with distilled water,dehydrated in graded ethanol,coated with gold,and observed by SEM.RESULIS AND CONCLUSION:Compared to the control,the number of bone trabeculae in the GC group was significantly decreased,and the bone trabeculae became thin,fragile,discontinuous;network structures of bone trabeculae were destroyed,and bone resorption surface increased,with disorderly arranged collagenous fibers and increased micro-damage.Rats treated with GC for 4 weeks maintained better bone ultrestructure compared with rats treated with GC for 9 weeks.Results show that GC can induce bone mass lost,destroy network structures of bone trabeculae,accelerate bone resorption in rat cancellous bone,and accordingly lead to increased bone brittleness and decreased bone functional of biodynamics.