Despite the development of successive generations of antiepileptic drugs, phenobarbital has retained a unique position in the therapeutic armamentarium and is still the most widely prescribed treatment for epilepsy worldwide. Although serious systemic side effects of phenobarbital are uncommon, its potential neurotoxicity remains a major concern. This is particularly so in the developed world. These neurotoxic effects include sedation, behavioral problems (in particular, hyperactivity), impaired cognition, depressed mood and affect. We conducted a case control study to evaluate the cognitive effects of phenobarbital treatment in epilepsy patients in rural China. The study patients were treated with phenobarbital monotherapy. Neuropsychological tests including Mini-Mental State Examination, Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Digit Span Test, Verbal Fluency Test, and Digit Cancellation Test were performed at baseline and during follow up. We did not fi nd any signifi cant change in the cognitive function, expect for improvement in verbal fl uency test among patients whose seizures control improved with phenobarbital. We concluded that there was no cognition impairment from treatment with phenobarbital in patients with epilepsy. On the other hand, language function of patients may improve due to the benefi cial effect of seizure control. Phenobarbital remains useful to treat epilepsy particularly in the developing countries.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare proliferative disorder of dendritic cells and the reticular cells. It is divided into single-system langerhans cell histiocytosis (SS-LCH) and multi-system langerhans cell system (MS-LCH). MS-LCH has a very poor prognosis. The key of survival is timely and effective treatment. The treatment protocols include chemotherapy, immunotherapy and stem cells transplantation. In this review, the new advances in the treatment of MS-LCH were systemically reviewed.

ObjectiveTo investigate the cause and characteristics of sports-related spinal cord injury. MethodsAll 38 sports-related spinal cord injury patients admitted in China Rehabilitation Research Center were analyzed retrospectively. Results84.2% （32/38） were male, mean of age was 23.4 (5～58). Diving was the most cause to sports-related spinal cord injury (27/38). Except 2 patients with no fracture and 1 with lumbar fracture, other patients were all with the cervical fractures, in which 57.9% were burst fractures, 18.4% were fracture and dislocations. 47.2% were complete spinal cord injury, 58.2% were incomplete. As for their professions, 10.5% were athletes, 31.6% were students. ConclusionSports-related spinal cord injury can happen in athletes and others, most of them are younger, disability of different degree remains. It is important to prevent sports-related spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVETo study the changes of cardiovascular regulating factors in rats during recovery of aerobic exhaustive exercise.

METHODSSixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group, 1 h-exercise group, 3 h-exercise group, exhausted group, 2 h-recovery group and 12 h-recovery group. The rats were killed at corresponding times for each group after an 8-week-long treadmill training, and the levels of NO, ET, ANP and TXB2 in plasma were measured in each group.

RESULTSNO/ET ratio of 1 h-exercise group was significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.01), while it was significantly decreased in 3 h-exercise group and exhausted group (P < 0.05). ANP contents in rat plasma were significantly higher in 3 h-exercise group, exhausted group and 2 h-recovery group than that in control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The concentration of TXB2 in plasma was significantly increased in 3 h-exercise group, exhausted group and 2 h-recovery group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONChanges in cardiovascular regulating factors after exhaustive exercise may lead to deficiency of coronary circulation blood/oxygen supply, which may cause exercise-induced fatigue.

Animals ; Atrial Natriuretic Factor ; blood ; Cardiovascular System ; physiopathology ; Endothelins ; blood ; Exercise Test ; Fatigue ; blood ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; blood ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Thromboxane B2 ; blood

Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Joint Dislocations ; etiology ; surgery ; Joints ; surgery ; Laryngeal Cartilages ; surgery ; Laryngoscopy ; methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome

Depression is a devastating mental disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD) that afflicts 16％ of the global population at some point in their lives. Currently available classical antide-pressants (SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs and MOIs), require a minimum of 2–4 weeks of continuous treat-ment to elicit therapeutic relief in depressed patients and are associated with high rates of non-respon-siveness, and limited duration of efficacy. Therefore, faster-acting antidepressant therapies are need-ed,particularly for patients at risk for suicide for current therapies for depression.Although the molecu-lar mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of depression are still largely unclear, previous studies have suggested that modulators of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling may have beneficial neuroprotective and antidepressant effects. Here, we review recent advances in understanding mTORC1 signaling in depression and potential therapeutic strategies resulting from modulation of the mTORC1 signaling network. We also highlight recent studies considered to support mTORC1 signaling modulation as a rapid-acting antidepressant therapy (e.g. ketamine, scopolamine, GLYX-13, (2R,6R)-HNK, Ro-256891 etc.) and discuss future research directions. Studies on prospec-tive next-generation rapid-acting antidepressant therapies should focus on developing more selective glutamate receptors(e.g.α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors(AMPARs) agonists or activators)that activate the mTORC1 signaling pathway free of ketamine's adverse effects.

Depression is one of the diseases with the highest disability rate in the world. A large number of studies have shown that the intake of unsaturated fatty acids can deal with depression while chronic overconsumption of saturated fatty acids is a risk factor for depression. It was suggested that the mechanism of saturated fatty acids inducing depression is related to the following four aspects: regulating the function which links to depression in whole brain and specific brain regions, including the hippocampus, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the striatum, and the prefrontal cortex; stimulating the secretion of inflammatory factors; affecting the balance and function of metabolic regulatory hormones, including leptin, adiponectin, glucocorticoid, and insulin; inducing the disturbance of intestinal flora. This article reviews the relationship between dietary fatty acids and depression, and the possible mechanisms by which saturated fatty acids induce depression from the four aspects mentioned above.

Background Epithelial-mesenchymaltransition (EMT)isamajorcontributortothe pathogenesis of posterior capsular opacification(PCO).Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) is a zinc finger protein,which can be stimulated by high glucose in proximal tubule cells and involved in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)induced EMT of diabetic nephropathy.ObjectiveThis study was designed to investigate the effect of high glucose on the expression of KLF6 and its target genes( TGFB1,TGFBR1,COLIA1,HSP47) in human lens epithelial cells (LECs).MethodsHuman LECs(SRA01/04) were cultured and exposed to different concentration of glucose.The expressions of KLF6 mRNA and protein were analyzed by real time polymerase chain reaction( real time PCR) and western blot after treatment with high glucose.The expressions of KLF6 target genes were analyzed by real time PCR to evaluate the EMT of SRA01/04 cells.ResultsCompared with the control group(5.5 mmol/L),the relative mRNA levels of t-KLF6 and wt-KLF6 in SRA01/04 treated with high glucose(22.2,44.4,66.6 mmol/L) increased obviously (F =72.53,42.02,P＜0.01 ).Then,the concentration of 22.2 mmol/L was used in the next experiments.The relative mRNA levels of t-KLF6 and wt-KLF6 increased to the peaks after treatment with high glucose for 12 h,and began to decrease after 24 h until lower levels after 48 h ( F =100.12,125.52,P ＜ 0.01 ).Western blot showed that the expression of KLF6 protein was also upregulated by high glucose treatment.With the promotion of the expression of KLF6 gene,the relative mRNA levels of TGFB1,TGFBR1,COLlAl and HSP47 of treated cells also respectively increased after treatment for 12 h,and began to decrease after 24 h until nearly at the levels of the control groups after 48 h( F=6.73,162.35,64.39,12.05,P＜0.05 ).ConclusionsIt was concluded that high glucose induced the expression of KLF6 in human LECs,and KLF6 transiently stimulated the expression of target genes TGFB1,TGFBRl,COLlAl and HSP47 which were mainly involved in the mechanism of EMT.

Objective To explore the treatment effect and mechanism of A-NK cells on the subcutaneous trans?planted tumor of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma in nude mice through observing the external growth and hyperplasia of A-NK cells and to provide theoretical evidence for squamous cell carcinoma treatment. Methods A-NK cells and NA-NK cells were both derived from healthy human peripheral blood and cultured in vitro. Cell growth was observed under micro?scope. The squamous cell carcinoma model in nude mice was established through subcutaneous implanting of Tca8113 cells. Then they were randomly assigned into three groups who were injected with either saline solution, or A-NK cells or NA-NK cells paraneoplastically. All animals were sacrificed after 33 days when tumor were isolated then weight and change in tumor size were assessed. Finally curve of tumor growth was drawn. Results Under the microscope, the proliferation of A-NK cells peak in 15 days and NA-NK cells peak in 12 days. After 3 weeks, the number of A-NK cells increased by 39.33 times while the number of NA-NK cells increased by 16.33 times. The Volume of tongue squamous cell carcinoma in saline solu?tion group was larger than that in A-NK cells and NA-NK cells groups, and volume in the NA-NK cells group was larger than that in A-NK cells group. The volume of tongue neoplasms in different groups, time, and interaction effects are statisti?cally significant (P<0.01). The tongue neoplasms weight in the saline solution group was greater than that in the A-NK cells and NA-NK cells group, and the weight in NA-NK cells group was greater than that in A-NK cells group, and the difference are statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion A-NK cells and NA-NK cells can significantly inhibit the subcutane?ous transplanted tumors in nude mice and the anti tumor effect of A-NK group is stronger than NA-NK.

Objective:To analyze the manifestation and essence of the knowledge of Chinese animal zodiacs in normal and cognitive impaired Chinese elders by Animal Fluency Test (AFT).Methods:512 normal elders, 153 patients with amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and 124 patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) were evaluated with AFT and other tests (the mini-mental state examination, auditory verbal memory test, etc).Results:AFT total correct numbers and non-zodiac-animal numbers rather than zodiac-animal numbers showed significant relationships with gender, education level, premorbid ability, general cognitive and memory functions (r=-0.107~0.311,P