Liquid-phase microextraction is a novel pretreatment technique for biological samples developed on the basis of liquid-phase extraction technology, which is simple, rapid, economical, and environmentally friendly, and has been widely used in the analysis of biological matrix samples such as blood, urine, and saliva. In this paper, we review the basic principles of the main modes of liquid-phase microextraction techniques, i.e., single-drop microextraction, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction, and the progress of their applications in biological sample pretreatment by reviewing the literature in the past five years, with a view to providing technical support and reference for sample pretreatment in the fields of in vivo drug analysis, pharmacokinetic studies and new drug development.

Objective To investigate the optimum ratio of medicine dosage for dexmedetomidine mixed with oxycodone used for patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) after gastrointestinal surgery.Methods Eighty patients of both sexes, aged 35-64 yr, weighing 55-75 kg, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ , undergoing elective gastrointestinal surgery, were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=20 each) using a random number table: oxycodone group (group O), and different ratios of medicine dosage when dexmedetomidine was added to sufentanil groups (OD1-3 groups).At 15 min before the end of surgery, oxycodone 0.1 mg/kg was injected intravenously, and PCIA pump was connected simultaneously.In group O, the PCIA solution contained oxycodone 1.00 mg/kg in 100 ml of normal saline.In group OD1, the PCIA solution contained oxycodone 1.00 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 2.5 μg/kg in 100 ml of normal saline.In group OD2 , the PCIA solution contained oxycodone 0.75 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 2.5 μg/kg in 100 ml of normal saline.In group OD3, the PCIA solution contained oxycodone 0.50 mg/kg and dexmedetomidine 2.5 μg/kg in 100 ml of normal saline.The PCIA pump was set up to deliver a 0.5 ml bolus dose with a 15-min lockout interval and background infusion at 2 ml/h.Oxycodone 0.05 mg/kg was injected intravenously as a rescue analgesic, and visual analogue scale score was maintained ≤ 4.The requirement for rescue analgesics was recorded.The requirement for the rescue analgesic was recorded within 48 h after surgery.The number of successfully delivered doses, and occurrence of adverse reactions such as bradyeardia, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, over-sedation, somnolence, pruritus, and respiratory depression were recorded.Patient's satisfaction with analgesia was recorded at 72 h after surgery.Results No patients required the rescue analgesic or developed over-sedation, vomiting, respiratory depression and hypotension in the four groups.Compared with group O, the incidence of somnolence was significantly increased in group OD1, the incidence of nausea, somnolence, bradycardia and pruritus was decreased in OD2 and OD3 groups, and the degree of patient's satisfaction with analgesia was increased in OD1-3 groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group OD1, the incidence of nausea, somnolence, bradycardia and pruritus was significantly decreased in OD2 and OD3 groups, the degree of patient's satisfaction with analgesia was increased in group OD3 (P＜0.05) , and no significant was found in the degree of patient's satisfaction with analgesia in group OD2 (P＞0.05).Compared with group OD2, no significant was found in the incidence of adverse reactions (P＞0.05) , and the degree of patient's satisfaction with analgesia was significantly decreased in group OD3 (P＜0.05).The number of successfully delivered doses was significantly larger in group OD3 than in O, OD1 and OD2 groups (P＜0.05).Conclusion Dexmedetomidine 2.5 μg/kg added to oxycodone 0.75 mg/kg is the optimum ratio of medicine dosage when used for PCIA after gastrointestinal surgery.

The chemical constituents of Poria cocos were studied by means of silica gel, ODS column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative HPLC. Thirteen compounds were isolated from this plant. By analysis of the ESI-MS and NMR data, the structures of these compounds were determined as tumulosic acid (1), dehydrotumulosic acid (2), 3beta, 5alpha-dihydroxy-ergosta-7, 22-dien-6-one (3), 3beta, 5alpha, 9alpha-trihydroxy-ergosta-7, 22-diene -6-one (4), ergosta-7, 22-diene-3-one (5), 6, 9-epoxy-ergosta-7,22-diene-3-ol (6), ergosta-4,22-diene-3-one (7), 3beta, 5alpha, 6beta-trihydroxyl-ergosta-7,22-diene (8), ergosta-5, 6-epoxy-7,22-dien-3-ol (9), beta-sitosterol (10), ribitol (11), mannitol (12), and oleanic acid 3-O-acetate (13), respectively. Compounds 3-13 were isolated from the P. cocos for the first time.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Organic Chemicals ; analysis ; Poria ; chemistry

Objective To explore role of 64-slices spiral CT in differetiation of acute chest pains.Methods Thirty six patients with acute chest pains were performed 64-slices spiral CT chest angiography.Two-dimensional and three-dimensional reconstruction was performed in all patients by means of multiplanar reconstruction(MPR)(coronal,sgittal oblique),curved planar reformation(CPR), maximum intensity projection(MIP),and volume rendering(VR).All images were blindly reading by two experienced radiologist.DSA were performed at the same time in 16 cases.Results The coronary artery branches,pulmonary artery and aortic artery in all patients were showed clearly,The acute myocardial infarction were showed in 10 cases,The pulmonary artery embolism in 14 cases,The aortic dissection in 6 cases respectively,The Coronary embolism in One case ,pneumothorax In One case The constrictive pericarditis in 1 case respectively.Normal findings in 4 cases.Conclusion 64-slices spiral CT is a useful and noninvasive examination in acute chest pain.

Objective To analyze the treatment outcome and related influencing factors of Tibet- an nationality new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Qinghai Province，so as to provide evidence for tuberculosis control and treatment among Tibetan population． Methods Statistical analysis was conducted on 5 564 Tibetan nationality new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Qinghai province who were reported in the China Tuberculosis Information Management System and approved to receive treatment from 2008 to 2017． The main influencing factors were detected by unconditional Logistic regression model analysis，dependent variable was successful treatment or not，independent variables were other factors related to the treatment outcome． Ｒesults The treatment success rate of Tibetan nationality new smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases was 87. 1% ( 4 848 /5 564) ，and the adverse outcome rate was 12. 9% ( 716 /5 564) ． Unconditional Logistic regression model analysis indicated that non-full- course supervision management，living in agricultural and pastoral area，having severe disease，floating population，and age older than 60 years were risk factors of adverse outcome． The odds ratio( OＲ) 95% confidence interval( CI) of the above risk factors were 13. 044( 10. 671-15. 944) ，2. 305( 1. 703-3. 119) ， 2. 090( 1. 346-3. 243) ，1. 967( 1. 443-2. 682) ，and 1. 909( 1. 410-2. 586) ． Clinical consultation，farmers and herdsmen were protective factors． The OＲ( 95% CI) were 0. 451( 0. 375-0. 543) ，and 0. 786( 0. 627- 0. 985) ． Conclusions Treatment success rate of Tibetan nationality new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis cases was low． Therefore，the directly observed treatment short-course ( DOTS) strategy should be strictly implemented and the full-course supervision management should be strengthened to improve the treatment success rate． More attention should be paid to the elderly，severe，floating，agricultural and pastoral populations among the Tibetan population．

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy of treatment with allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for benzene-induced severe aplastic anemia.

METHODSHLA-compatible sibling (pregnancy) allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (Allo-PBSCT) was successfully performed for a patient with severe aplastic anemia caused by benzene poisoning. 9.41 x 10(8) nucleated cells/kg, 12.49 x 10(6) CD(34) positive cells/kg and CFU-GM 8.2 x 10(5)/kg were infused. The patient was treated with cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg), total body radiation (8 Gy) and anti-lymphocyte globulin (60 mg/kg) before transplantation. Donor buffy coat cells (9.02 x 10(8) nucleated cells/kg, 10.62 x 10(6) CD(34) positive cells/kg, 6.3 x 10(5) CFU-GM/kg) were infused again on day 18 after transplantation to prevent from graft failure. Graft versus host disease prophylaxis consisted of both methotrexate and cyclosporin A.

RESULTSThe lowest ANC was 0, the lowest platelet was 3 x 10(9)/L after transplantation. The patient achieved an ANC of greater than 0.5 x 10(9)/L from 21st day, and the platelet of greater than 50 x 10(9)/L from 28th day after transplantation. Grade I cGVHD was found the fourth month after grafting. Examination of recipient's bone marrow cells showed a normal 46, XX (presumably marrow donor) karyotype. Blood group changed from B to O.

CONCLUSIONThis is the first case reported in China showing a successful treatment of benzene-induced severe aplastic anemia with allo-PBSCT. Allo-PBSCT may be an effective remedy for this kind of patients.

Adult ; Anemia, Aplastic ; chemically induced ; therapy ; Benzene ; poisoning ; Humans ; Male ; Occupational Diseases ; chemically induced ; therapy ; Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation ; Transplantation, Homologous ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo study the epilepsy patients and their family members on their knowledge of the disease.

METHODSA 34-point questionnaire with 34 questions related to epilepsy knowledge was used for the survey on 170 pairs of epilepsy patients and their family members in Huashan hospital. Characters of the disease on the subjects were recorded.

RESULTSThe mean scores of the epilepsy knowledge of the patients and their family members were 16.5 +/- 8.2 and 16.1 +/- 8.5, respectively. The scores were quite low with no statistical difference between patients and their family members. The rate of correct answer in the urban subjects was obviously higher than those subjects living in the rural areas. All the subjects lacked the knowledge on the "cause of disease" when comparing with items as "diagnosis" and "treatment". Multivariate analysis showed that rural residents (P = 0.0001, OR = 52.963) and low education level (P = 0.0294, OR = 2.266) related to low epilepsy knowledge score among epilepsy patients. However, for family members, the factor related to low score was only living in the rural area (P = 0.0001, OR = 37.229).

CONCLUSIONEducation on the epilepsy knowledge should be strengthened, especially in the rural areas.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Epilepsy ; psychology ; Family Health ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Rural Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo determine the prevalence of Streptococcus suis and major pathogenic serotypes in middle part of Jiangsu province.

METHODSTonsillar specimens from 303 slaughtered pigs aged 6 to 8 months were investigated for the presence of Streptococcus suis and major pathogenic serotypes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Bacteriological examination compared with molecular genetics identification for three Streptococcus suis isolates were also done.

RESULTSThe overall carrier rate of Streptococcus suis was up to 88.0%, with the percentages of serotype 1(14), 2(1/2), 7 and 9 were 9.6%, 8.5%, 11.3% and 29.5% respectively in 2005. While in 2006, the prevalence of Streptococcus suis was 82.5%, with capsular types 1 (14), 2 (1/2), 7 and 9 were accounted for 17.6%, 2.4%, 25.8% and 20.0% of all the specimens. All the three isolates belonged to Streptococcus suis serotype 2,named 2a, 2f and 14e, which exhibiting the virulent phenotype cps2+/gdh+/mrp-/lepf-/sly-/fbps+/orf2+/89k-, cps2+/lgdh+/mrp-/epf-/sly-/fbps-/orf2-/89k- and cps2+/gdh+/mrp-/epf-/sly-/fbps/orf2-/ respectively. These isolates were all susceptible to amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin and resistant to amikacin and tetraycline. Clinical signs were not noted in BALB/c mice and rabbit.

CONCLUSIONPrevalence of the Streptococcus suis among the healthy herds in the areas was very high, with various capsule types of Streptococcus suis involved in the same herds, and the virulent phenotype of these 3 isolates were very different from those prevalent Streptococcus suis serotype 2 virulent isolates frequently discovered from the epidemic areas.

Amikacin ; therapeutic use ; Amoxicillin ; therapeutic use ; Ampicillin ; therapeutic use ; Animals ; China ; epidemiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Molecular Epidemiology ; methods ; Penicillins ; therapeutic use ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Streptococcal Infections ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Streptococcus suis ; classification ; drug effects ; genetics ; pathogenicity ; Tetracycline ; therapeutic use ; Virulence

OBJECTIVETo investigate the impact of tumor size on the prognosis of patients with T3 gastric cancer.

METHODSD2 curative resection was performed on 408 patients with T3 gastric cancer. Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify the optimal cut-off of tumor size. Potential prognostic factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the prognostic factors stratified by tumor size.

RESULTSAmong 408 patients with T3 gastric cancer, Cox proportional hazards model showed that 8 cm was the optimal cut-off of tumor size. There were 85 patients with tumor size ≥8 cm(large size group), and 323 patients with tumor size <8 cm(small size group). The 5-year survival rate was significantly lower for patients with small size tumor(33.8% vs. 52.2%, P<0.05). Cox proportional hazards model showed that lymph node metastasis, tumor size, and Borrmann type were independent prognostic factors for the entire cohort. Borrmann type IIII( and N2-3 nodal metastasis were independent prognostic factors for the large size group. Lymph node metastasis was independent prognostic factor for the small size group.

CONCLUSIONSTumor size is an independent prognostic factor in patients with T3 gastric cancer. Lymph node metastasis is a significant predictor for the prognosis regardless of tumor size. Furthermore, Borrmann classification is associated with the prognosis in patients with tumor size ≥8 cm.

Aged ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gastrectomy ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms ; pathology ; surgery

Objective To evaluate the role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) in detecting regional cerebral metabolic changes and changes of water molecular motion in rabbits after explosive brain injury at different time points of injury after being treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Methods Ninety New Zealand white rabbits were divided into control group, trauma group and hyperbaric oxygen treatment group. The injured models in the later 2 groups were established using 600 mg TNT equivalent of paper detonators in the rabbit brain at the top of 6.5 cm vertical distance. Rabbits in the trauma group and hyperbaric oxygen treatment group were sub-divided into 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 d treatment groups, respectively. The survival of these rabbits was observed at these time points. Hyperbaric oxygen treatments lasting for 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 d were given to each hyperbaric oxygen treatment sub-groups, respectively. Performance under MRS was detected and dynamic changes of N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine (Cr) ratio and NAA/choline(Cho)+Cr value were observed with MRS. DWI was employed to detect the dynamic changes of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. Results The NAA/Cr ratio in the trauma group markedly decreased right after the injury and slightly rose 7 d after the injury. Compared with that in the trauma group, the NAA/Cr ratio in the hyperbaric oxygen treatment group was significantly increased (P＜0.05). The NAA/Cho+Cr value in the trauma group was markedly decreased right after the injury, while that in the hyperbaric oxygen treatment group was obviously increased as compared with that in the trauma group (P＜0.05). ADC values in the region of interest of the trauma group was decreased after 1 d of treatment and gradually increased after 3 d of treatment; the ADC values in the hyperbaric oxygen treatment group was obviously higher than those in the trauma group (P＜0.05). Conclusion Hyperbaric oxygen might improve the prognosis by improving local metabolism of neurons, inhibiting brain edema, and enhancing local gliosis repair;, ultra-early intervention (within one week of injury) may be much favorable for animals/patients after explosive brain injury.