Objective To investigate the influence rule of the atmospheric Rainfall to the γ radiation Kerma rate in surface air in order to revise the resuh of its measurement during rainfall.Methods The influence factors of rainfall to the measurement of the γ radiation Kerma rate in air were analyzed and then the differential equation of the correlation factors was established theoretically,and by resolving the equation,the mathematical model Was obtained.The model was discussed through several practical examples.Results The mathematical model was coincided with the tendency of curve about the measured data on the influence rule of rainfall to the γ radiation Kerma rate in surface air.Conclusion By using the theoretical formula in this article which is established to explain the relationship between the rainfall and the γ radiation Kerma rate in surface air,the influence of rainfall to the γ radiation Kerma rate in surface air could be correctly revised.

Adolescent ; Female ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; microbiology ; Mitosporic Fungi ; Sinusitis ; microbiology

Objective To study dectin-1 mRNA expression in lung of different immune status mice infected with Aspergillusfumigatus, and to explore the influence of immunosuppressive agent on the expression of dectin-1 and its relationship with the progression of disease. Methods Mice were divided into four groups which were normal control, immuncompromised, immuncompromised with A.fumigatus inoculation and immuncompetent with A.fumigatus inoculation groups. We explored the kinetic mRNA expression of dectin-1 in lung of different groups by real-time quantitative PCR. Pulmonary fungal burden assessment was performed to reflect the progressing of disease during the experimental time course. Results On day 3 after inoculation, pulmonary fungal burden of the immuncompromised mice was higher than that of the immuncompetent group. On day 1 and 3, dectin-I mRNA expression in lung of the immuncompromised group was much lower than that of the normal control. On day 3, dectin-1 mRNA expression in lung of the immuncompetent mice infected with A.fumigatus was much higher than that of the immuncompromised with A.fumigatus inoculation and the normal control groups ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion During the infection, expression of dectin-1 in lung of the immuncompetent group was strikingly increased, which may play an important role on the defence to A.fumigatus invasion. Cyclophosphamide inhibited the expression of dectin-1 in lung of mice which may be one of the mechanisms of the invasive pulmonary aspergillosis development induced by eyclophosphamide.

Correspondinga uthor:Wan Chun, Email:mdchunwan@163.com
[Absrt act] Obj ective To summarize the clinical experience with isolated complete resection of he-patic caudate lobe in 14 patients. Mte hods The clinical data of 14patients with isolated complete resection of hepatic caudate lobe carried out in our hospital from December 2007 to March 2015 were retrospectively analyzed .During the operation , selective hepatic vascular occlusion slings , and supra-and infra-hepatic in-ferior vena cava slings were placed after full mobilization of the liver .Isolated complete resection of the he-patic caudate lobe was performed through the left and /or the right , the anterior liver-splitting or the retro-grade approaches .Results The mean operation time was (227 ±64) min.The mean amount of blood loss was (530 ±325) ml.The mean vascular occlusion time was (19.5 ±18.6) min.The mean diameter of ne-oplasm was (15 4.±9 .2) cm. All the operations were successfully carried out .There were no massive hem-orrhage, bile leakage or perioperative death .Hydrothorax occurred in 3 patients and ascites in 2.The mean stay in hospital was (21 ±9) days.All the patients were cured and discharged home .Conclusion Isolated complete resection of hepatic caudate lobe was feasible in clinical practice .

Objective To evaluate the safety of mesohepatectomy for centrally located large hepatic tumors.Methods The clinical data of 37 patients who underwent hepatectomy for centrally located large liver tumors in our hospital from October 2010 to August 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.During the operation,the left and right hemilivers were mobilized.Slings for the improved liver hanging maneuver and for selective hepatic vascular occlusion were placed.These slings were used when necessary in order to minimize occlusion and ischemia time to the residual liver,and to maximize the volume of functional liver remnant.Mesohepatectomy was carried out using a microwave hemostatic separator.The feasibility,its effects on preventing hemorrhage,the degree of liver damage and the postoperative complications were evaluated.Results The mean diameter of the neoplasms was (12.6 ± 7.2) cm.The vascular inflow occlusion time of the left and right hemilivers were (12.2 ±3.5) min and (18.5 ±7.1) min,respectively.The blood loss was (487 ± 352) ml.The amount of red blood cell transfusion was (2.7 ± 1.9) U.The operation time was (215 ± 72) min.TBIL,ALT and AST reached their peak levels on the 1 st day after operation and they were higher than before surgery (P ＜ 0.01).The levels were then significantly decreased on the 3rd day after operation.However,the TBIL (P ＜ 0.05),ALT (P ＜ 0.01) and AST (P ＜ 0.05) were higher than the preoperative level,and only returned to normal or were close to the preoperative value on the 7th day after operation (P ＞ 0.05).The initial increase in ALT was quick and then it slowed down,while the initial increase in AST was slow but it decreased quickly.Conclusions Mesohepatectomy for centrally located large hepatic tumors could safely be carried out using the liver hanging maneuver combined with selective hepatic vascular occlusion and a microwave hemostatic separator.This method has the advantages of causing less bleeding,liver damage and rapid recovery.

Objective To study the mechanism of adaptive immunity against Rhizopus arrihizus (R. arrihizus) infections. Methods Bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were separated from C57BL/6 mice and Card9-/- mice and then were cultured in vitro. Resting spores and swollen spores of R. arrihizus were in vitro co-cultured with BMDCs with or without Syk inhibition. Secretion of cytokines ( IL-23, IL-1βand IL-12) was analyzed by ELISA after 24 hours of culture. Na?ve T cells derived from C57BL/6 mice were in vitro co-cultured with spore-stimulated BMDCs for four days. Levels of IL-17A and IFN-γ in supernatants of cell culture were analyzed by ELISA. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze T cell differ-entiation. Confocal microscopy was used to observe the images of stained β-glucan on the surface of resting and swollen spores. Swollen spores were co-cultured with Dectin-1, Dectin-2, TLR2 and mannose receptor ( MMR) , and the binding results were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results Swollen spores but resting spores could induce the maturation of BMDCs and promote the secretion of cytokines (IL-23, IL-1βand IL-12). Co-culturing T cells with swollen spore-stimulated BMDCs enhanced their differentiation to Th17 and Th1. In addition, swollen spores promoted the secretion of Th1-related cytokine ( IFN-γ) and Th17-related cytokine (IL-17A). Adding Syk inhibitor to Card9-/-BMDCs or wild type BMDCs significantly inhibited the secretion of cytokines and T cell differentiation, especially in the Card9-/- group. β-glucan was overserved on the surface of swollen spores, but not on resting spores. On the surface of swollen spores existed pathogen associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs) that could bind with Dectin-1 and TLR2. Conclusion Swollen spores of R. arrihizus could active BMDCs to secrete cytokines of IL-23, IL-1β and IL-12 and trigger T cell responses in vitro. The possible mechanism might be associated with β-glucan exposed on the surface of swollen spores that binds with Dectin-1. The responses between BMDCs and R. arrihizus are Syk-Card9-dependent.

Objective:To investigate the efficiency of Agrobacterium tumefaciensmediated transfor-mation of Aspergillus fumigatus by using pyrG as a recessive selectable marker.Methods: FAP1 and SHO1 genes target sequences,composed of a selectable marker pyrG and the flanking sequences of the FAP1 and the SHO1 genes,were cloned into a binary plasmid pDHt/sk,respectively.The produced plasmids were transformed into A.tumefaciens.The A.tumefaciens and uracil auxotroph A.fumigatus were cocultured in induction medium without uricil and uridine at 24 ℃ for 48 h.To inhibit growth of A.tumefaciens and to select transformants,the cultures were transferred to 37 ℃ and incubated for another 48 h.Results: In this study,A.tumefaciens-medidated transformation of A.fumigatus produced high homologous recombination rates,which was 44%(7 of 16) for FAP1 and 35%(7 of 20) for SHO1.Conclusion: Our study showed that A.tumefaciens-medidated transformation by using pyrG as a recessive selectable marker is an efficient tool for target gene deletion of A.fumigatus.

Objectives To evaluate the application of M38-P method recommend by NCCLS to dematiaceous fungi, and detect the susceptibility of itraconazole, fluconazole, miconazole, econazole, flucytosine, clotrimazole, nystatin, amphotericin B and terbinafine against dematiaceous fungi. Methods Using M38-P method forty-five strains of dematiaceous fungi were studied, which included 2 strains of Bipolaris spp., 1 strain of Drechslera spp., 1 strain of Curvularia spp.,14 strains of C. carrionii, 8 strains of F. pedrosoi, 3 strains of F. compacta and 16 strains of P. verrucosa. The media containing the fungi in the concentrations of (0.4 ~ 5) ? 106 CFU/mL were incubated at 35℃ for 5 ~ 7 days. Results The tested dematiaceous fungi were highly susceptible to itraconazole and terbinafine. Some of them were resistant to itraconzole, fluconazole, flucytosine and amphotericin B. Conclusions The data suggest that M38-P standards could be applied as the susceptibility testing of dematiaceous fungi, and it is necessary to monitor the resistant strains in antifungal treatment.

Objective To study the morphology, physiology, biochemistry and molecular biologic characteristics of Ochroconis gallopava which was firstly isolated from a pulmonary phaeohyphomycosis in China and compare it with a standard strain to assist in the clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods The clinical isolate and standard strain were inoculated on SDA, PDA, CMA, CDA, BHIA and OA, respectively to observe the colony morphology and growth rate, and slide cultures were prepared and were examined under light microscope and electron microscope. Thermo-tolerance study, cycloheximide resistance test, API 20C, antifungal susceptibility test and PCR for the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA were also performed. Results Ochroconis gallopava grew rapidly on most media. The colonies appeared to be brown in color with smooth surface. There were aerial mycelia on SDA and PDA. Microscopic observations revealed pale brown and septate hyphae with club-shaped conidia. The growth of O. gallopava was optimal at 35 ℃ and was inhibited by cycloheximide. The two strains assimilated the same 14 glycogens, but 1 different, in API 20C AUX. MICs of fluconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B and terbinafine were 32 ~ 64 ?g/mL, 1 ?g/mL, 2 ?g/mL and 0.25 ~ 0.5 ?g/mL, respectively. PCR results showed that the ITS segment was 743 bp with 3 bp difference in both strains. The length of 18S region was 506 bp, their sequences were the same entirely. Conclusions The clinical isolate is proved as a domestic strain of Ochroconis gallopava at the level of morphology, physiology, biochemistry and molecular biologic characteristics.

OBJECTIVE To compare modified Kane/Fischer system and PCR method in identification for Trichophyton rubrum.METHODS Using modified Kane/Fischer system and TR1F and TR1R primers to identify 32 strains of dermatophytes.RESULTS The modified Kane/Fischer system and PCR could rapidly and stably(identify) T.rubrum.CONCLUSIONS The two methods can be used as the standard system to identify T.rubrum.