The expressions of ets-2, IGF-Ⅱ, C-myc and N-ras in 12 pairs of human primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) and tumor - adjacent tissues are presented in the present paper. The results showed that there was at least one of the four oncogenes studied overexpressed in the 12 pairs of samples. ets -2 was the most commonly expressed oncogene seen in all the PHC and tumor - adjacent tissues, with 3. 5 and 2.4 kb as the major two bands, which differed from the evenly expressed 4. 5, 3. 5 and 2. 4 kb bands in the normal control livers. In six tumor-adjacent tissues the expression of ets-2 was higher than that in PHC. IGF-Ⅱ was expressed as 5. 0 and 2. 0 kb fetal transcripts in PHC and tumor-adjacent tissues, while in the normal control livers it was 5. 6 kb. One tumor-adjacent tissue had IGF-Ⅱ fetal transcripts expressed but the corresponding PHC had no IGF -Ⅱexpressed, indicating the reverse differentiation in PHC. N-ras was expressed as 4. 0 kb band in 8 out of 12 PHC and in 6 out of 12 tumor-adjacent tissues. In two cases the expression of N-ras was higher in tumor-adjacent tissues than in PHC. 5. 6 and 2. 6 kb N -ras transcripts were also detected in one pair of PHC and tumor -adjacent tissue and in two tumor - adjacent tissues, together with the 4.0 kb transcript. C - myc was expressed as 4. 0 kb band in 9 out of 12 PHC and in 6 out of 12 tumor-adjacent tissues. One tumor-adjacent tissue had higher C-myc expression than PHC. In two PHC 2. 2 kb C-myc transcript was detected besides the 4.0 kb transcript. The roles and relationships of these oncogenes in the carcinoge-nesis of human PHC are discussed in detail.

The present paper reports on the study of HBV states in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) and tumor-adjacent tissues. The results showed that in 11/12 PHC (91.5%) and 9/12 tumor-adjacent tissues (75%) there were integrated forms of HBV DNA. The amount of HBV integrated in PHC was higher than that in tumor-adjacent tissues, indicating a clonal selection for liver cells containing integrated HBV during the malignant transformation of PHC. In two tumor-adjacent tissues only free HBV was found, while in the corresponding PHCs there was integrated HBV DNA. This suggests that integration had taken place in the process of carcinogenesis of PHC. It was also observed in this study that four patients had putatively defective HBV in their liver cells which could be replicated but not be secreted into serum. The possible role of HBV in the carcinogenesis of PHC is discussed

Objective: To explore the relationship between the preoperative immune state and the progress, the prognosis in patients with gastric carcinoma. Methods: The NK cell activity (lactdehydrogenase releasing),the level of T cells subgroup (FACS) were detected preoperatively. The data of intra operative findings, pathologic observations and the results of clinical follow up were also studied. Results: The preoperative immune function in cancer patients was significantly reduced compared with the control group, and it had a significantly negative correlation with the stage of the cancer, but a positive correlation with the prognostic results. Conclusion: The detection of the preoperative immune state can play an important role in the estimation of the disease progress and the prognosis in cancer patients.