Objective To formulate targeted nursing measures and prevent or reduce falls of inpatients through the analysis of related risk factors of falls of spinal degenerative disease patients. Methods Review and analysis falls of inpatients happened between January 2015 and April 2016 in our department and find out that all kinds of dangerous reasons lead to falls. All inpatients risk assessments are evaluated with Morse Fall Scale on admission and during hospitalization. The grading standard of patient safety events was used in the classification of fall outcomes. Results A total of 13 inpatients were all high risk patients by Morse Fall Scale. Risk factors of falls:periods between 0:00 and 2:00, 6:00 and 8:00am, 18:00 and 20:00, in 3 days and 2 weeks after admission; combined diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis of the knee; accompanied by muscle strength, muscle tension abnormalities. use related drugs;need of accompany or assisted walking;lack of safety awareness;slippery ground, compressed activity space and lack of light. Conclusions Falls of inpatients with spinal degenerative diseases are caused by the joint action of physiological difference, disease, medicine and weak safety consciousness of inpatients and caregivers, with specialty and occurrence in a certain time. Nursing measures can help to avoid and reduce the falls of inpatients.

Objective To observe the clinical effects of turbuhaler training whistle combined with tracking health interven-tion after using turbuhaler inhalants in asthmatic patients .Methods Sixty cases of mild and moderate asthma treated in the respira-tory outpatient department of this hospital from June to December 2015 were selected as the research subjects .All patients were di-vided into the control group(conventional method) and observation group(turbuhaler training whistle combined with tracking health intervention) ,30 cases in each group .The clinical effects ,night symptoms ,lung function(PEF and FEV1) ,ACT score and MARS-A score after 1 month treatment were compared between the two groups .Results The total effective rates of the observation group and control group were 86 .67% and 73 .33% respectively ,the difference was statistically significant (χ2 =5 .66 ,P< 0 .05) .The night symptom ,FEV1 ,PEF ,ACT score and MARS-A score had statistical difference between the two groups (P<0 .05) .Conclu-sion Turbuhaler training whistle combined with tracking health intervention could enhance the clinical effects of asthmatic pa-tients ,decreases night symptoms ,improves the lung function and enhances the medication compliance .

Objective To study the variability of oxygen saturation in intestinal tissue of preterm infants during erythrocyte infusion .Method Preterm infants aged over 5 days, hospitalized in our NICU from March 2016 to August 2016 were selected by computer random number generator . Near-infrared spectroscopy was applied to monitor splanchnic tissue oxygen saturation ( SrSO2 ) and cerebral tissue oxygen saturation(CrSO2)during erythrocyte transfusion.The duration of transfusion was 4 hours.The mean value and range of SrSO2 and CrSO2 during transfusion were analyzed.To analysis the average and variable range of SrSO2 and CrSO2 and to illuminate the correlation with post-conceptional age. Result A total of 34 premature infants were collected.The average of SrSO2 was (0.56 ±0.06) and the average of CrSO2 was (0.62 ±0.02) throughout transfusion, There was a significantly greater change in SrSO2 than in CrSO2 during the transfusion period (0.35 ±0.14 vs.0.18 ±0.09) (P<0.05).The changing range of CrSO2 was smaller as the post-conceptional age increased , and was significant different statistically ( P=0.006). While there was little change in the range of SrSO 2 (P=0.191).Conclusion The of SrSO2 change was more significant than CrSO 2 in preterm infants during erythrocyte transfusion , which may cause ischemia-reperfusion injury to the intestinal tissue .It should be more cautious to avoid transfusion-related necrotizing enterocolitis.

The syndrome/pattern of defensive qi deficiency is a common basic syndrome of traditional Chinese medicine in clinical practice. However,there is a lack of standardized and operable diagnostic specifications in practical applications. Based on the previous literature,this study proposed the idea of starting from the elements of the syndrome,qualitative diagnostic criteria for the syndrome/pattern of defensive qi deficiency oriented to the entire region of the disease were constructed based on the two dimensions of " deficient defensive qi failing to consolidate the exterior" and " qi deficiency" and constructing a set of quantitative evaluation criteria as the supporting content for the diagnostic items. The core members of the research group attempted to formulate the draft standard,then reached a consensus through the Delphi method expert questionnaire consultation and the Nominal group technique,and finally evaluated the reliability and validity of the standard through clinical verification to provide ideas for the standardization and normalization of research on syndromes.

OBJECTIVE：To systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Shenfu qiangxin pills combined with chemical medicine conventional therapy in the treatment of chronic heart failure ，and to provide evidence-based reference for clinical drug use. METHODS ：Retrieved from CNKI ，Wanfang database ，VIP，Google Scholar ，PubMed，the Cochrane Library and Embase database ，RCTs about Shengfu qiangxin pills combined with chemical medicine conventional therapy （trial group ） versus chemical medicine conventional treatment （control group ）were collected during the inception to May 12th，2020. After literature screening and data extraction ，the quality of the literatures was evaluated with risk bias assessment tool recommended by Cochrane 5.1.0 system evaluator manual. Meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed by using Stata 14.0 software. RESULTS：A total of 7 RCTs were included ，involving 596 patients. Meta-analysis results showed that the total response rate of trial group was significantly higher than that of control group [OR ＝4.14，95％CI（2.15，7.97），P＜0.000 01]；the results of sub-group analysis according to the different criteria for determining the efficacy showed that the total response rates of trial group determined by Lee integral method and cardiac function grading method were sig nificantly higher than that of the control group （P＜0.05）. After treatment ，N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide （NT-proBNP） level of trial group was significantly lower than that of control group [OR ＝－1.33，95％CI（－1.55， qq.com －1.11），P＜0.000 01]. Results of sub-group analysis accor- ding to cardiac failure type showed that NT-proBNP level of patients with chronic heart failure in trial group was lower than control group （P＜0.001）. The level of left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）in trial group after treatment [WMD ＝5.76，95％CI （5.05，6.47），P＜0.000 01] was significantly higher than control group ；after treatment ，the level of B-type natriuretic peptide [SMD＝－1.61，95％CI（－2.58，－0.54），P＜0.000 01]，left ventricular end-diastolic diameter （LVEDD）level [WMD ＝ －6.06，95％CI（－6.84，－5.27），P＜0.000 01]，left ventricular end-systolic diameter level [WMD ＝－0.52，95％CI（－5.70，－4.33）， P＜0.000 01] were significantly lower than control group. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of ADR between 2 groups（P＞0.05）. Results of sensitivity analysis showed that when NT-proBNP ，LVEF level ，LVEDD level after treatment were used as indicators ，there was no significant difference in the analysis results after eliminating heterogeneity source ， compared with before elimination. CONCLUSIONS ：Shenfu qiangxin pills combined with chemical medicine conventional treatment has good efficacy and safety.

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic value of independent and combined subtests of the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) in mild hepatic encephalopathy(MHE) of patients with liver cirrhosis, so as to optimize the PHES.Methods:This was a prospective, multicenter and real-world study which was sponsored by the National Clinical Research Center of Infectious Diseases and the Portal Hypertension Consortium. Twenty-six hospitals from 13 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities countrywide participated in this study, induding Tianjin Third Central Hospital, the Fourth People′s Hospital of Qinghai Province, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, the Third People′s Hospital of Taiyuan, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital and so on. From October 2021 to February 2022, outpatients and hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis and no obvious hepatic encephalopathy were consecutively enrolled. All patients received 5 PHES subjects in the same order: number connection test(NCT)-A, NCT-B, digit symbol test(DST), line tracing test(LTT) and serial dotting test(SDT), and the scores were calculated. The total score of PHES <-4 was taken as the cut-off value for diagnosing MHE. Compare the differences in each subtest between MHE group and non-MHE group. Receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) and area under the curve(AUC) was performed to assess the diagnostic value of independent and combined subtests in MHE. Mann-Whitney U test and DeLong test were used for statistical analysis. Results:A total of 581 patients with liver cirrhosis were enrolled, 457 were diagnosed as MHE, and the incidence of MHE was 78.7%. The results of NCT-A, NCT-B, SDT, LTT, DST of MHE group were 60.00 s(47.01 s, 88.00 s), 90.45 s(69.32 s, 125.35 s), 74.00 s(57.65 s, 96.60 s), 74.72(60.00, 98.61) and 27.00(20.00, 36.00), respectively. Compared those of non-MHE group(34.00 s(29.15 s, 44.48 s), 50.00 s(40.98 s, 60.77 s), 50.00 s(41.07 s, 63.03 s), 46.23(38.55, 59.42) and 42.00(34.00, 50.75)), the differences were statistically significant( Z=12.37, 12.98, 9.83, 11.56, 10.66; all P<0.001). The AUC(95% confidence interval(95% CI)) of subtests of PHES NCT-B, NCT-A, LTT, DST and SDT alone in MHE diagnosis were 0.880(0.849 to 0.910), 0.862(0.828 to 0.896), 0.838(0.799 to 0.877), 0.812(0.772 to 0.851) and 0.788(0.743 to 0.832), respectively. The combination of 2 PHES subtests significantly increased the diagnostic efficacy. Among them the diagnostic efficacy of the combination of NCT-B and LTT was the best, the AUC(95% CI) was 0.924(0.902 to 0.947), the specificity was 91.9% and the sensitivity was 79.2%, which was better than a single PHES subtest (NCT-A, NCT-B, SDT, LTT and DST) and the combination of NCT-A and DST(AUC was 0.879, 95% CI0.847 to 0.910) which was recommended by guidelines on the management of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis, the differences were statistically significant ( Z=3.78, 3.83, 5.57, 5.51, 5.38, 2.93; all P<0.01). Furthermore, compared between the combination of NCT-B and LTT and the combination of 3 subests of PHES, only the diagnostic efficacy of combination of NCT-B, LTT and SDT (AUC was 0.936, 95% CI 0.916 to 0.956) was better than that of the combination of NCT-B and LTT, the difference was statistically significant( Z=2.32, P=0.020). Conclusion:Based on the diagnostic efficacy and clinical feasibility of PHES subtests and their combinations, the combination of NCT-B and LTT is recommended for the diagnosis of MHE.

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of serological indicators and evaluate the diagnostic value of a new established combined serological model on identifying the minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) in patients with compensated cirrhosis.Methods:This prospective multicenter study enrolled 263 compensated cirrhotic patients from 23 hospitals in 15 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of China between October 2021 and August 2022. Clinical data and laboratory test results were collected, and the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score was calculated. Ammonia level was corrected to the upper limit of normal (AMM-ULN) by the baseline blood ammonia measurements/upper limit of the normal reference value. MHE was diagnosed by combined abnormal number connection test-A and abnormal digit symbol test as suggested by Guidelines on the management of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. The patients were randomly divided (7∶3) into training set ( n=185) and validation set ( n=78) based on caret package of R language. Logistic regression was used to establish a combined model of MHE diagnosis. The diagnostic performance was evaluated by the area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curve, Hosmer-Lemeshow test and calibration curve. The internal verification was carried out by the Bootstrap method ( n=200). AUC comparisons were achieved using the Delong test. Results:In the training set, prevalence of MHE was 37.8% (70/185). There were statistically significant differences in AMM-ULN, albumin, platelet, alkaline phosphatase, international normalized ratio, MELD score and education between non-MHE group and MHE group (all P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that AMM-ULN [odds ratio ( OR)=1.78, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 1.05-3.14, P=0.038] and MELD score ( OR=1.11, 95% CI 1.04-1.20, P=0.002) were independent risk factors for MHE, and the AUC for predicting MHE were 0.663, 0.625, respectively. Compared with the use of blood AMM-ULN and MELD score alone, the AUC of the combined model of AMM-ULN, MELD score and education exhibited better predictive performance in determining the presence of MHE was 0.755, the specificity and sensitivity was 85.2% and 55.7%, respectively. Hosmer-Lemeshow test and calibration curve showed that the model had good calibration ( P=0.733). The AUC for internal validation of the combined model for diagnosing MHE was 0.752. In the validation set, the AUC of the combined model for diagnosing MHE was 0.794, and Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed good calibration ( P=0.841). Conclusion:Use of the combined model including AMM-ULN, MELD score and education could improve the predictive efficiency of MHE among patients with compensated cirrhosis.

Objective:To compare the differences in the prevalence of mild micro-hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) among patients with cirrhosis by using the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) and the Stroop smartphone application (Encephal App) test.Methods:This prospective, multi-center, real-world study was initiated by the National Clinical Medical Research Center for Infectious Diseases and the Portal Hypertension Alliance and registered with International ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05140837). 354 cases of cirrhosis were enrolled in 19 hospitals across the country. PHES (including digital connection tests A and B, digital symbol tests, trajectory drawing tests, and serial management tests) and the Stroop test were conducted in all of them. PHES was differentiated using standard diagnostic criteria established by the two studies in China and South Korea. The Stroop test was evaluated based on the criteria of the research and development team. The impact of different diagnostic standards or methods on the incidence of MHE in patients with cirrhosis was analyzed. Data between groups were differentiated using the t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and χ2 test. A kappa test was used to compare the consistency between groups. Results:After PHES, the prevalence of MHE among 354 cases of cirrhosis was 78.53% and 15.25%, respectively, based on Chinese research standards and Korean research normal value standards. However, the prevalence of MHE was 56.78% based on the Stroop test, and the differences in pairwise comparisons among the three groups were statistically significant (kappa = -0.064, P < 0.001). Stratified analysis revealed that the MHE prevalence in three groups of patients with Child-Pugh classes A, B, and C was 74.14%, 83.33%, and 88.24%, respectively, according to the normal value standards of Chinese researchers, while the MHE prevalence rates in three groups of patients with Child-Pugh classes A, B, and C were 8.29%, 23.53%, and 38.24%, respectively, according to the normal value standards of Korean researchers. Furthermore, the prevalence rates of MHE in the three groups of patients with Child-Pugh grades A, B, and C were 52.68%, 58.82%, and 73.53%, respectively, according to the Stroop test standard. However, among the results of each diagnostic standard, the prevalence of MHE showed an increasing trend with an increasing Child-Pugh grade. Further comparison demonstrated that the scores obtained by the number connection test A and the number symbol test were consistent according to the normal value standards of the two studies in China and South Korea ( Z = -0.982, -1.702; P = 0.326, 0.089), while the other three sub-tests had significant differences ( P < 0.001). Conclusion:The prevalence rate of MHE in the cirrhotic population is high, but the prevalence of MHE obtained by using different diagnostic criteria or methods varies greatly. Therefore, in line with the current changes in demographics and disease spectrum, it is necessary to enroll a larger sample size of a healthy population as a control. Moreover, the establishment of more reliable diagnostic scoring criteria will serve as a basis for obtaining accurate MHE incidence and formulating diagnosis and treatment strategies in cirrhotic populations.