Objective To compare the effect of a carbohydrate-electrolyte-protein solution (CEPS,2％ protein plus 4％ carbohydrate),carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CES,6％ carbohydrate),and non-caloric sweetened placebo (PLA)on 21 km running performance of female recreational marathon runners.Methods In a randomized cross-over design,12 female recreational marathon runners (age:33.4 ± 2.1 years,body mass index:21.10 ± 0.6 kg/m2,and maximal oxygen consumption:48.5 ± 1.9 mL/kg/min)performed a 21 km time trial (TT)run on three occasions separated by at least 28 days.During the first 5 km,participants ran on the treadmill with 70％VO2max.Thereafter,the participants ran at whatever speed they wished for the remaining 16 km of the performance run.In each main trial,participants ingested the CEPS,CES,or PLA at a rate of 150 mL every 2.5 km.The blood samples,gas samples,heart rate,core temperature,and subjective measures were conducted every 5 km throughout the exercise.Results Time of TT run completion was slightly shorter (P ＜ 0.05)in the CES trial (97.8 ±1.6 min)than in the PLA trial (102.4 ± 2.4 min),with no significant differences between the CEPS trial (100.7 ± 2.9 min)and the other two trials (P＞0.05).There were no differences in core temperature,blood lactate,heart rate,CHO oxidation rate,fat oxidation rate,CHO oxidation amount,and fat oxidation amount among the different trials (all P＞0.05).The average blood glucose was higher in CES trial than PLA trial (P＜0.05).The average respiratory exchange rate was higher in CEPS trim than PLA trial (P＜0.05).Conclusion Compared with ingesting the PLA,ingesting the 6％ CES improves the 21 km TT run performance in recreational female runners.However,no additional benefit of CEPS was observed on endurance performance.

Objective To evaluate the association of COX2 genetic variants with the risk of esophageal cancer and the interaction of COX2 genetic variants with Hp infection. Methods A total of 119 patients with esophageal cancer and 238 frequency-matched controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals ( CI) were estimated by logistic regression. Results Case-control analysis showed an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer for 1195 GA(OR =2.69,95% CI= 1. 46-5. 14) and 1195AA ( OR = 2. 30,95% CI = 1.23-4. 89) genotype carriers,respectively, compared with non 1195 GG carriers. When stratified by Hp status, the significantly increased risk of esophageal cancer was found among Hp carrier with OR (95%CI) =2.74 (1.35-5.96) ,but not among Hp non-carriers. Conclusion Genetic polymorphism in COX2 promoter region may play an important role in esophageal cancer by Hp infection.

OBJECTIVETo reveal the factors that affect the contents of volatile oil and beta-elemene in oil in Sarcandrae and to provide scientific basis for Sarcandrae's reasonable exploitation and quality assessment.

METHODA GC method was established and the contents of volatile oil and beta-elemene were determined in Sarcandrae from different length of time to grow, different medicament portions, different collection periods and different length of time to dry.

RESULTThe length of time to grow had no significant effect and the collection periods had effect on the volatile oil yield and content of beta-elemene. The volatile oil yield and content of beta-elemene were the highest in Sarcandrae harvested in December. The yield of volatile oil in different medicament portions descended in an order of roots, leaves and stems. The content of beta-elemene was the highest in leaves and the lowest in stems. With the increasing of the length of time to dry, the volatile oil yield and content of beta-elemene decreased calculated on an anhydrous basis.

CONCLUSIONThe established method is simple, accurate and repeatable. It can be used for the quality control of beta-elemene in Sarcandrae. The study provides a valuable basis for the quality assessment, the development and utilization of Sarcandrae.

Objective To assess the relationships between area strain (AS) and eccentric index (EI) of atherosclerotic plaques as seen by intravascular ultrasonic elastography (IVUSE),and to reveal the effect of EI on the plaques stability.Methods Forty purebred New Zealand rabbits were fed with a high-cholesterol diet;the abdominal aorta endothelium was balloon-injured after 2 weeks;at the end of week 12,2 plaques with moderate echo from each rabbit were chosen for in situ imaging,and 2 consecutive frames near the end-diastole images in situ were used to construct an IVUS elastogram.Results The eccentric plaques showed significantly greater area stain (AS) than the centripetal plaques [4.77(2.92,8.01)% vs 3.27(2.15,4.82)%,P=0.029] with smaller plaque area and plaque burden (P<0.05).The plaque AS was positively correlated with EI (r=0.392,P=0.003).The eccentric plaques showed significantly greater AS in the shoulder than in body [4.98(3.17,8.48)% vs 4.64(2.51,5.92)%,P=0.008].Conclusions The EI is one of influential factors on plaque AS.Eccentric plaques may be more vulnerable than centripetal plaques,especially in the shoulder of eccentric plaques which have greater AS than their body.

Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity and associated early life factors among children aged 2 to 6 years in a community in Guangzhou. Methods: A stratified cluster sampling was used to select 922 children from one community in Guangzhou in 2018. The survey included a questionnaire survey and physical examination. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship of early-life factors and obesity. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 13.4% in 922 children(16.1% in boys and 10.1% in girls). The sex difference in prevalence of overweight and obesity was statistically significant(Z=2.69, P<0.05). Overweight and obesity was found significantly higher in children with large for gestational age, caesarean section, artificial feeding within 6 months, maternal pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity, maternal excessive weight gain(P<0.01). Large for gestational age (OR=2.62, 95%CI=1.42-4.82), caesarean section(OR=1.59, 95%CI=1.08-2.36), artificial feeding within 6 months(OR=2.00, 95%CI=1.19-3.37), maternal pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity(OR=1.97, 95%CI=1.08-3.58), and excessive gestational weight gain (OR=2.07, 95%CI=1.26-3.39) was positively associated with childhood overweight obesity(P<0.05). Maternal pre-pregnancy underweight was negatively associated with childhood overweight obesity(OR=0.51, 95%CI=0.29-0.88, P<0.05). Conclusion Early-life risk factors are positively associated with the risk of overweight and obesity in later childhood, including large gestational age, caesarean section, artificial feeding within 6 months, maternal pre-pregnancy overweight and excessive gestational weight gain, while maternal pre-pregnancy underweight associates with low risk of child overweight and obesity. These findings suggest that early intervention to these modifiable risk factors could make a significant contribution to childhood obesity prevention.

The present study was to investigate in vitro the rat cardiomyocyte injury with targeting of home-made perfluorocarbon lipid particles with avidin-biotin interaction. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were cultured in vitro and divided into two groups: TNF-alpha activated group and non-activated group. Those in the TNF-alpha activated group were exposed to 200 ng/ml TNF-alpha solution for 6 hours and then cardiomyocytes in both groups were pretargeted with biotinylated ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies, and were exposed to streptavidin, and then to homemade green fluorescently-labeled biotinylated perfluorocarbon lipid particles. Cardiomyocytes nucleus stained with Hoechst. The results were detected with fluorescence microscope. As a result, in TNF-alpha activated group, around blue fluorescent cardiomyocytes nucleus, a great amount of green fluorescent particles were found, while there were few green fluorescent particles in non-TNF activated group. It has been shown that ICAM-1 is expressed in the surface of cardiomyocytes when they are stimulated by TNF-alpha. Perfluorocarbon lipid particles associated with ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies can be targeted to injured cardiomyocytes by avidin-biotin interaction.
Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Contrast Media ; Female ; Fluorocarbons ; immunology ; metabolism ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism ; Lipids ; chemistry ; Male ; Microspheres ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; metabolism ; pathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; pharmacology ; Ultrasonography

Objective: To investigate the associations of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and screen time (ST) with emotional and behavioral problems in children and to provide evidence for related intervention measures. Methods: In March 2017, a total of 4 922 children aged 6-12 years from 5 primary schools in Guangzhou were enrolled using stratified random cluster sampling method. Questionnaires were used to assess children s socio demographic information, MVPA, ST and emotional and behavioral problems. The associations of MVPA and ST with behavioral problems were explored by using generalized linear mixed models. Results: Students with MVPA≥60 min per day accounted for 37.5%, and with ST≤2 h per day accounted for 87.7%. Children who were physically active showed lower scores for total difficulties, hyperactivity, and peer problems and higher score for prosocial than inactive peers( t =2.80, 2.47, 2.56, -1.97, all P <0.05). Also, children who spent less than 2 h ST per day reported lower scores for total difficulties, emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems and higher score for prosocial compared to those with high ST( t =3.18, 3.35, 3.70, 3.80, -3.21, 4.97, all P <0.05). Children who met neither MVPA nor ST recommendations had significantly increased risks of total difficulties( OR=1.73, 95%CI =1.12-2.68), conduct problems( OR=1.45, 95%CI =1.02-2.05), peer problems( OR=1.93, 95%CI =1.11-3.36), and prosocial ( OR=1.55, 95%CI =1.08-2.23) than those who met both. Conclusion MVPA and ST are independently related to children s emotional and behavioral problems, and the risks of emotional and behavioral problems increased in children with insufficient MVPA and longer ST.

Objective: To investigate the association between sedentary bouts and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, and to provide a reference for controlling and reducing the incidence of CVD in children. Methods: Cluster random sampling was used to select 356 students from five primary schools in Guangzhou. Sedentary behavior and physical activity were assessed using ActiGraph GT3X accelerometers, which were worn for 7 consecutive days. According to the sedentary bout duration of each participant, sedentary time was classified into categories of 1-<5, 5-<10, 10-<15, 15-<20 and ≥20 min bouts. Physical examinations were carried out to identify cardiometabolic risk factors. Multivariate linear regression was performed to analyze the relationship between sedentary bouts and CVD risk factors. Results: After adjusting for confounding factors, the time accumulated in sedentary bouts of 5-<10, 10-<15, 15-<20 min in duration were positively associated with higher cardiometabolic risk scores ( B =1.24， 2.01 ，2.40), negatively associated with lower HDL ( B =-0.13，-0.21，-0.27). The time accumulated in sedentary bouts of 1-<5, 5-<10 , 10-<15, 15-<20 min in duration were positively associated with BMI levels ( B =1.07，1.89，2.86，3.65), and waist circumference ( B =2.79，4.81，8.04，10.14)( P <0.05). Conclusion These results suggested that sedentary bouts of 5-<20 min were associated with an unfavorable cardiometabolic risk profile. Our finding suggests no more than 20 min accumulated sedentary time for children.

Objective: To investigate the associations between early life factors and the incidence of overweight and obesity and to provide a reference for childhood overweight and obesity prevention. Methods: A total of 5 172 children aged 6-11 years from 5 primary schools in Guangzhou were enrolled using stratified random cluster sampling method. After two years follow up, 3 315 children were included in the final analysis. Questionnaire was used to collect children s early life factors. Height and weight were measured objectively at baseline and follow up. Results: The incidence of overweight and obesity was 8.7% in children. After adjustment for confounders, results from the Logistic regression analysis showed that maternal pre pregnancy underweight was negatively associated with the incidence of childhood overweight and obesity( OR=0.54, 95%CI =0.38-0.76)( P <0.05). While excessive gestational weight gain during pregnancy( OR=1.55, 95%CI =1.14-2.10) and caesarean section ( OR=1.30, 95%CI =1.00-1.68) were positively associated with the incidence of childhood overweight and obesity( P <0.05). Conclusion Both excess gestational weight gain and caesarean section would increase the risk of the overweight and obesity of their offspring, while maternal pre pregnancy underweight would reduce the risk of childhood overweight and obesity.

Objective To evaluate the effect and mechanism of cysteine rich protein 61, namely CCN family member 1(CCN1) on the survival of adipose tissues in rats after autologous fat grafting. Methods At 1 week after the establishment of autologous fat grafting rat models, all animals were randomly divided into the CCN1 group (n=20) and control group (n=20). The survival of fat grafts, the morphology of fat graft tissues, the proportion of active adipocytes and the number of new blood vessels of rats were statistically compared between two groups. The levels of differential expressed messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the fat graft tissues of rats were compared between two groups by high-throughput sequencing and subsequently subject to cluster analysis. The expression levels of related proinflammatory cytokines of fat graft tissues of rats were statistically compared between two groups. Results The weight retention rate of adipose tissues in the CCN1 group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). In the CCN1 group, the integrity of adipocytes was considerably higher, the degree of vesiculation and vacuolation, the degree of inflammatory cell aggregation and the degree of fibrosis were significantly lower than those in the control group (all P < 0.000 1). Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that the proportion of active adipocytes with uniform morphology was higher in the CCN1 group, whereas the proportion of active adipocytes was lower and the cells were observed in different sizes accompanied by vesiculation in the control group. Compared with the control group, the quantity of new blood vessels was significantly higher, and the expression levels of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) mRNA were remarkably higher in the CCN1 group (all P < 0.05). High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that the data at the transcriptome levels significantly differed between two groups. In the CCN1 group, the gene expression levels of cell surface markers, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines related to M1 macrophages tended to decline. Real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) revealed that the mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1 and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 in the CCN1 group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.01-0.05). Conclusions During autologous fat grafting, supplement of exogenous CCN1 may effectively promote the neovascularization of adipose tissues and improve the survival rate of fat graft probably by mediating the transformation of macrophages into M2 phenotype via down-regulating the TLR2 expression level.