Objective To study the antimicrobial susceptiblity,clinical and bacteriological characteristics of enterobacter cloacae infection in ICU. Methods 83 cases of ICU infected with enterobacter cloacae were analyzed retrospectively. Results The elderly, hypoproteinemia,invasive operation,long-term hospitalization and the abuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics were the risk factors of infection with enterobacter cloacae. Besides highly sensitive to imipenem, the bacterium was resistant to most antibiotics, many of whose drug resistance ratio is over 50%. Conclusion The patients in ICU should be avoided the long-term abuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics and invasive operation.Bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility test should be carried out promptly. They could reduce the incidence of enterobacter cloacae infection.

BACKGROUND: Modified banxia houpu decoction (MBHD) is one of thefamous methods and has been used by Zhang Zhong-jin to treat emotionaldiseases in Han dynasty, and it has been used till now. It can be used totreat depression, anxiety, phychoneurosis and so on.OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effect of MBHD on treatingheroin abusers with protracted abstinence syndrome and compare the effectwith brown sugar water.DESIGN: Randomized grouping and placebo randomized controlled study.SETTING: School of Medicine, Hubei Institute for Nationalities and theAbstinence Institute of Public Security Bureau of Enshi AutonomousPrepecture.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 187 cases were the abusers of heroin who hadbeen forced to abstinence in the Abstinence Institute of Public SecurityBureau of Enshi Autonomous Prepecture from August 2000 to September2002. There were 101 males and 86 females aged 18-44 years. All pa-tients were known the fact and were randomly divided into control group(n=58), 60-day MBHD group (n=62) and 72-MBHD group (n=67) accordingto double-blind method.METHODS: ① During the abstinence, three groups were treated bylofexidine hydrochloride (LFX) which was produced by the LimitedCompany of Zhengtai Pharmaceuticals Enterprise of Hunan Province (lotnumber: 990619, 10 mg/pill) for 12 days, then they were treated sepa-rated. Give medicine to 60-MBHD group continuously for 60 days (MB-HD: Pinellia Ternate 15 g, Magnolia Bark 30 g, Poria Cocos 20 g, Perilla10 g, Ginger 20 g, Radix Acanthopanacis Senticosi 20 g, Pericarpium CitriReticulate 6 g, Pericarpium Arecae 20 g, Herba Agastachis 10 g. Tradi-tional Chinese medicines were all bought from HuBei Medicine Company;three times a day, one portion for two days), gave the control group red sug-ar water imitate medicine for 60 days (the method was the same as above),72-MBHD group were given the same quantity of MBHD as 60-MBHDgroup when LFX began to detoxifieate, the whole time was 72 days (Thetime before LFX treat 12 days and after 60 days). It took 72 days for thethree groups to be treated by LFX according to single-blind method. ②Heroin protracted abstinence syndrome scale: insomnia, pain syndromes,catarrh syndromes, mental conditions and sexual function. They werescored respectively to 1, 2, 3 according to mild, moderate and severe.③ One year tater collected the urina sanguinis (three times a week con-tinuously) regarded the positive as re-abusers. ④ Measurement andenumeration data were compared with t test and x2 test respectively.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Scores of protracted abstinencesyndrome; ② Comparisons of drug re-abusing rate within one year.RESULTS: Totally 187 heroin-dependence patients entered the finalanalysis. ① Scores of protracted abstinence syndrome were lower in 60-day MBHD group and 72-day MBHD group than those in control group(P ＜ 0.01). Scores of pain and catarrh symptoms in 72-day MBHD group were similar to those in 60-day MBHD group (P ＞ 0.05), but scores of insomnia, mental conditions and sexual function were lower than those in 60-day MBHD group (P ＜ 0.01). ② Drug re-abusing rate within one year was lower in 72-day MBHD group than that in control group and 60-day MBHD group [73% (49/67), 95% (55/58), 82% (51/62),P ＜ 0.05],but rate in 60-day MBHD group was similar to that in control group (P ＞ 0.05).CONCLUSION: MBHD can improve the protracted abstinence symptoms of heroin abusers after detoxification. In spite of the complexity of various factors, to effectively control the early stage abstinence symptoms and median stage protracted abstinence symptoms is one of the effective measures to prevent drug re-abusing.

Objective To investigate the physiological responses of healthy youth to doing chest compression as a feedback of quality of CPR after their rapid ascent to high altitude and to evaluate the feedback in the intervention effects of CPR.Methods Prospective,single sample,before-after comparison method was used in this study.Fifteen young adults from plains natives were enrolled as trial subjects in this study.All of them received basic life support training course in advance.In Chongqing (259 m above sea level),subjects performed empiric chest compressions on the model body for 4 minutes followed by feedback compressions for 4 minutes after at least 30 minutes rest.Compression depth,rate and other compression quality parameters were measured and recorded at each turn of compressions with an AED PLUS device.Subjects performed empiric compressions based on their knowledge and experiences,and practiced feedback compressions according to the audiovisual guidance of AED PLUS device.Blood pressure,heart rate and SpO2 were taken before and after each turn of compressions.One week after arrival to Lhasa (3658 m above sea level) by flight,all subjects were asked to do the same procedure as did in Chongqing to see their physiological response to.Paired t tests or Wilcoxon matched pair rank test were used for comparisons of measurements before and after trials.Results Systolic pressures,diastolic pressures,heart rates at baseline in Lhasa were significant different from those in Chongqing,including systolic pressure (125.9 ±9.5) mmHg vs.(112.7 ±13.4) mmHg,diastolic pressure (75.3 ±7.7) mmHg vs.(64.2 ±7.3) mmHg,heart rate (86.3 ± 13.0) beat/min vs.(72.7 ± 11.6) beat/min,SpO2 (90.4 ± 1.7)％ vs.(97.8 ±0.9)％,all P ＜ 0.01.In Lhasa,empiric compressions only caused an increase in heart rate (91.1 ± 14.9) beat/min vs.(86.3 ± 13.0) beat/min,P ＜ 0.01.However,feedback compressions resulted in a significant decrease in SpO2 [(88.3 ± 3.4) ％ vs.(90.6 ± 1.9) ％,P ＜ 0.01] as well as change of systolic pressure [(130.9 ± 11.7) mmHg vs.(120.1 ± 11.9) mmHg,P ＜0.05] and heart rate [(87.9 ± 17.5) beat/min vs.(80.9 ± 11.7) beat/min,P ＜0.05].In Lhasa,the compression quality during feedback compressions was closer to guideline recommendation than that during empiric compressions.The median (interquartile range) of composite qualification rate was 43.6％ (55.9％) vs.0.6％ (5.3％) during feedback compressions and empiric compressions respectively,P ＜ 0.01.Conclusions Compression quality decreased significantly among youth after rapid ascent to high altitude.Feedback techniques for CPR could effectively guide the rescuer to improve their CPR quality,but it may be at the expense of more physical consumption.

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of the acute toxicosis cases in a general hospital of a metropolis. Methods The prospective study was performed from Jan. 1st, 2005 to Dec. 31st, 2006 in acute toxicosis patients admitted during that period. The data analyzed included sex, age, occupation, onset time, poisoning cause, variety of poisons, way of poisoning, emergency diagnosis, emergency treatment, etc. Results There were 315 poisoning patients treated during the study period, accounting for 2.33‰ of the total patients visiting in the emergency department. Among these poisoning patients, the sex ratio (males vs females) was 1∶0.84. The age of most of the patients ranged from 20 to 29 (35.9%) years old. Alcohol was the major cause of poisoning (38.4%), followed in order by poisoning due to drugs (20.6%), food poisoning (18.1%), chemical poisoning (10.2%) and pesticide poisoning (5.7%). There was predominant time of the occurrence of poisoning in a year, but it was more frequent in January, February, June, July, November and December. 85.1% of patients were poisoned by oral route. The occupation of patients was mainly technical personnel (21.0%), followed in order by farmers and the laborers, self-employed businessmen, persons taking care of household chores and the unemployed, etc. 98.1% of patients survived in the hospital. Mortality rate was 1.9%. Conclusions Young persons and technical personnel constitute the high-risk group of patients with poisoning. The main poisons were alcohol, drugs, food and other chemical poisons. The main route of poison intake was the digestive tract. There is no obvious seasonal regularity.

Objective To explore the method and performance of using multiple indices to diagnose sepsis and to predict the prognosis of severe ill patients.Methods Critically ill patients at first admission to intensive care unit (ICU) of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, from January 2014 to September 2015 were enrolled if the following conditions were satisfied: ① patients were 18-75 years old;② the length of ICU stay was more than 24 hours; ③ All records of the patients were available. Data of the patients was collected by searching the electronic medical record system. Logistic regression model was formulated to create the new combined predictive indicator and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the new predictive indicator was built. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for both the new indicator and original ones were compared. The optimal cut-off point was obtained where the Youden index reached the maximum value. Diagnostic parameters such as sensitivity, specificity and predictive accuracy were also calculated for comparison. Finally, individual values were substituted into the equation to test the performance in predicting clinical outcomes.Results A total of 362 patients (218 males and 144 females) were enrolled in our study and 66 patients died. The average age was (48.3±19.3) years old. ① For the predictive model only containing categorical covariants [including procalcitonin (PCT), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), infection, white blood cells count (WBC) and fever], increased PCT, increased WBC and fever were demonstrated to be independent risk factors for sepsis in the logistic equation. The AUC for the new combined predictive indicator was higher than that of any other indictor, including PCT, LPS, infection, WBC and fever (0.930 vs. 0.661, 0.503, 0.570, 0.837, 0.800). The optimal cut-off value for the new combined predictive indicator was 0.518. Using the new indicator to diagnose sepsis, the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy rate were 78.00%, 93.36% and 87.47%, respectively. One patient was randomly selected, and the clinical data was substituted into the probability equation for prediction. The calculated value was 0.015, which was less than the cut-off value (0.518), indicating that the prognosis was non-sepsis at an accuracy of 87.47%. ② For the predictive model only containing continuous covariants, the logistic model which combined acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score to predict in-hospital death events, both APACHE Ⅱ score and SOFA score were independent risk factors for death. The AUC for the new predictive indicator was higher than that of APACHE Ⅱ score and SOFA score (0.834 vs. 0.812, 0.813). The optimal cut-off value for the new combined predictive indicator in predicting in-hospital death events was 0.236, and the corresponding sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy for the combined predictive indicator were 73.12%, 76.51% and 75.70%, respectively. One patient was randomly selected, and the APACHE Ⅱscore and SOFA score was substituted into the probability equation for prediction. The calculated value was 0.570, which was higher than the cut-off value (0.236), indicating that the death prognosis at an accuracy of 75.70%.Conclusion The combined predictive indicator, which is formulated by logistic regression models, is superior toany single indicator in predicting sepsis or in-hospital death events.

Objective To explore the function of intensive care unit (ICU) in earthquake disaster. Mothod ICU in tent set by doctors from Second Military Medical University and Sichuan Jiangyou People's Hospital in 5·12 Wenchuan earthquake disaster. The value of ICU in tent was estimated by retrospective analysis of the experi-ence of emergency treatment for the critical injuries. Results Inside ICU in tent,there were many critical patients successfully rescued, including a soldier with septic shock, a casualty with traumatic shock during aftershock, a middle school student with crush injury and cornpartment syndrone, a peasant trapped under mined buildings for 168 hours with capillary leak syndrome, and a traffic victim and an aged patient with cardiac arrest. Patients after replatation of severed limb and patients after thoracic operation were monitored. Teaching rounds in the wards and logistics health drilling were made as well. Conclusions ICU in tent as a place where the critical casualties and patients after major operations could be rescued,cared for and monitored successfully,as well as the venue of teach-ing activity and logistics health drilling.

OBJECTIVE To study the clinical characteristics,prevention and treatment of nosocomial fungemia.METHODS Fifty four consecutive patients with nosocomial fungemia were studied in clinical retrospective manner.RESULTS Sixty fungal strains were isolated from blood.Candida was the predominant pathogenic organism(86.7%),6 cases had mixed infection causing by two fungal species(11.1%).Twenty two cases had concomitant bacteremia(40.7%).Overall mortality rate was 68.5%,directly related mortality rate in treatment group was significantly lower than that in nontreatment one(28.9% vs.88.9%,χ2=11.268，P＜0.01).Effective rate of amphotericin B was 68.8%,fluconazole 70.8%,combined treatment 80.0%.CONCLUSIONS Fungal infection has become prominently fatal cause of critically ill patients.Removing predisposing factors,monitoring fungal pathogen and effective antifungal therapy are important measures to reduce the incidence and mortality of fungal infection.Fluconazole and amphotericin B are effective drugs of treating deep fungal infection.

Objective To examine the levels of serum tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase in severe sepsis patients with disseminated intra-vascular coagulation (DIC) and evaluate its diagnostic value in severe sepsis with DIC.Methods Sixty patients were divided into 3 groups,namely severe sepsis group (SS group,n =28),severe sepsis with DIC group (SSD group,n =12) and normal group (n =20).Clinical data including APACHE Ⅱ score and DIC score of these patients were collected.Serum levels of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 of these patients were measured by using ELISA.Results The patients of SS group had higher levels of TIMP-1 (723.74 ± 96.27) and lower levels of TIMP-2 (68.08 ± 14.87) than healthy control subjects (TIMP-1:574.24 ± 79.99,TIMP-2:89.99 ± 18.45) (P ＜ 0.05).The patients of SSD group had higher levels of TIMP-1 (907.56 ± 200.20) and lower levels of TIMP-2 (44.84 ± 22.13) than patients of SS group (P ＜ 0.05).An association was found between TIMP-1 and fibrinogen (FIB) (r =-0.392,P ＜ 0.05),TIMP-1 and D-dimer (r =0.407,P ＜ 0.05),TIMP-2 and PLT (r =0.484,P ＜0.01),TIMP-2 and PCT (r=-0.523,P＜0.01),TIMP-2 and DIC score (r=-0.579,P＜0.01).The areas under the curves (AUC) for TIMP-1/TIMP-2 was 0.896 (95％ CI:0.843 ～ 0.950 (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Serum levels of TIMP-1 in patients with severe sepsis complicated with DIC increased and TIMP-2 decreased,suggesting they were valuable in diagnosis of severe sepsis complicated with DIC.

We created the multi-media network-based teaching platform in emergency and critical care medicine teaching and unified the advantages of the network technique,multimedia technique and information commons,to build up a new place for all kinds of persons to learn the emergency and critical care medicine in any time or any places,and to build up a teaching re-source library of emergency and critical care medicine by the digital image processing technique, streaming media technique and database technique.

In combination with the experience teaching overseas students in Emergency and Critical Care Medicine,we probe into the overseas students' characteristics,the choose of teaching materials and teachers,and how to improve theoretical and practical Emergency and Critical Care Medicine teaching quality etc.