The pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is not fully clear,and might be associated with various factors. In 1980s,correlation between ecological imbalance of intestinal flora and IBS was raised. Recently,remarkable efficacy was observed in the treatment of post-infectious IBS(PI-IBS)by re-balancing the intestinal flora with probiotics. Thus it was proved that intestinal flora might play an important role in the pathogenesis of IBS. In this article,the association between ecological imbalance of intestinal flora and IBS as well as the related treatment strategies were reviewed.

There has been increasing research on the association between Helicobacter infection and liver diseases,mostly the influence of Helicobacter on liver diseases.The prevalence and bacteriology of Helicobacter during the development of liver diseases,the mechanism by which Helicobacter causes liver diseases,and the diagnosis of liver diseases are reviewed.So far consensus has been reached that three spe-cies of Helicobacter are associated with human liver diseases,namely H.pylori,H.heilmanni,and H.cinaedi.H.pylori has been studied most extensively,but there is little research on the latter two.H.hepaticus is a new type of H.pylori.Studies have shown that further re-search should be conducted on the pathogenesis and prevention of chronic liver diseases.

This paper reviewed the progress in research on HER2 and gastric cancer,introducing the structure, signaling pathways,detection method and detection rate of HER2,the therapeutic effect of trastuzumab,a humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody on gastric cancer,and the correlation between HER2 and prognosis of gastric cancer. Studies showed that HER2-positive was a factor with poor prognosis,and trastuzumab combined with chemotherapy was a new treatment option for patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer or with liver metastases,which could significantly improve the prognosis.

All tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists are associated with hepatotoxicity and thus induce liver injury, commonly manifested as hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus reactivation, acute hepatitis, drug-induced liver disease, cholestasis, serum liver enzyme activity elevation, and even acute liver failure. Hence, the application of TNF antagonists in hepatic disease treatment remains controversial. This review summarizes currently available data on the mechanism and application of TNF antagonists in hepatic disease treatment. Although TNF antagonists have been applied for many years, large randomized controlled trials are still recommended to assess its efficacy and safety and to achieve a consensus.