Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis are the common pathologic causes of such cardiovascular diseases as myocardial infarction,cerebral apoplexy,and so on.Early detecting the changes of artery's malfunction and proper treatment can effectively help to prevent those mortal diseases or slow down the its procedure.This review analyses currently used methods and devices evaluating the arterial stiffness.Three main methods and instruments which based upon analysis of pulse transit time,wave contour of the arterial pulse,and direct measurement of arterial geometry and pressure,which correspond to the evaluation of regional,local and systemic stiffness of body region are discussed.They are used in clinical laboratory and/or in clinical treatment particular attention is given to the reproducibility of each device.

Objective To assess the value of spiral and cine CT for the diagnosis of foreign body in trachea in children. Methods Fifty-one consecutive pediatric patients suspected of aspirating radiolucent foreign body underwent chest radiography, 12 of them underwent three-dimensional spiral CT and cine CT scan within 24 h before rigid bronchoscopy. Results Rigid bronchoscopy showed foreign bodies in the main bronchus or bronchus intermedius of 42 patients, while spiral CT localized airway foreign bodies in the same patients. In the remaining 9 patients without foreign body found by rigid bronchoscopy, 6 were true-negative and 3 were false-positive on CT, making the overall sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values of CT scans was 100% (95% confidence interval, 91%-100%), 66.67% (29%-92%), 94.12% (64%-99%), 93.33% (81%-98%) and 100% (54%-100%), respectively. The cine CT scan correctly diagnosed 9 of 12 patients as true-positive and 3 as true-negative with identification of air trapping and secondary lung changes. Conclusion CT may be used in airway foreign body management of pediatric patients, especially with diagnostic dilemmas, and further prospective evaluations should be considered to assess its overall efficacy.

With the development of modem technology,more and more plastic products are widely used in various fields,while bringing significant convenience to the society,it also leads to more and more environmental estrogen.The influence of plasticizer is increasing,especially on the development of children.Extensive contacting with plasticizer is considered to be closely related with gonadal digenesis,obesity and other problems in children.This review focuses on the latest research results about the basic and clinical experiments of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP),which illuminate the effects of DEHP on children's growth and metabolism,and lay foundations for rational clinical intervention and scientific plasticizer's application.

Respiratory distress syndrome( RDS) is a critical respiratory disease and commonly occurs in preterm infants. Preterm RDS is mainly due to the deficiency of lung surfactant. However,recent studies have in-dicated that genetic susceptibility may involve in the pathogenesis of RDS in preterm infants. In this paper,recent research progresses of genetic susceptibility and related candidate genes of RDS in preterm infants at home and abroad are reviewed.

Objective To summary clinical experience of laparoscopic treatment of cholecystitis with cholecystolithiasis complicated,in order to provide reference for clinical difficult laparosco-pic resection of gallbladder.Methods Reviewing the operation treatment of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on 94 complex cases of resection during January 2008 to December 2014.Results The 94 patients included 17 cases with severe adhesion around gallbladder,9 cases with gallbladder atrophy,39 cases with gallbladder ampulla and cystic duct stone incarceration,11 cases with acute gangrenous cholecystitis with gallbladder stones,14 cases with gallbladder triangle anatomy is not clearing and 19 cases with gallbladder stones with schistosomial cirrhosis or liver volume variation.Some cases were with the two or more kinds gallbladder stone.There were 91 cases with successful implementation of the laparoscopic cholecystectomy,4 of 91 cases were treated with subtotal cholecystectomy,and 3 cases were converted to open cholecystectomy.There were no cases with serious complications or even deaths.Conclusion Regarding of the complex gallbladder stones appear different situation in operation,we can complete the operation by using different operation method and treatment method in laparoscopic.

Objective:To get the basic situation of the list of low-price medicines and their sales in Tianjin to pro-vide future policy reference. Methods:The low-price medicine list was analyzed through different principles of classifica-tion including the National Essential medicine List ( NEML) , National Reimbursement medicine List ( NRML) and exclu-sive production. The study analyzed the sales status of the low-price medicines in the Tianjin from 2008 to 2011 using the Tianjin Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) database. Results:19 classes of chemical medicines and eight classes of traditional Chinese Medicine are included in the low-price medicine list. All of the medicines in the low-price list come from the NRML, and the replication ratio between the NEML and the low-price medicine list is 54. 1%. There are 41 exclusive productions and 149 exclusive formulation productions. From 2008 to 2011, the average ratio of the chemi-cal low-price medicines and traditional Chinese Medicine sales to total medicines sales are 4. 7% and 11. 0%, respective-ly. Both national essential medicines and exclusive formulation production sales ratios are increasing, however the sales ra-tio of exclusive production decreased from 2008 to 2011. Conclusion:The government should pay greater attention to the supply and production of the list’s exclusive production. The sales ratio of low-price medicines to total medicines sales is much lower in the retail pharmacies and tertiary medical institutions than other medical institutions. Suggestions:The gov-ernment should practice the shortage report system of common low-price medicine as soon as possible, with efforts made to implement the global budgeting policy and encourage sales enthusiasm for low-price medicines in retail pharmacies.

Spatial statistics plays an important role in spatial epidemiology studies of echinococcosis .Spatial statistics can be used to describe the spatial distribution ,predict the prevalence ,identify disease clusters ,and analyze the influencing factors of echinococcosis .To describe spatial distribution and predict the prevalence ,we can use spatial interpolation ,empirical bayes smoothing and ellipsoidal gradient .Spatial autocorrelation always used to identify disease clusters .Moran's I value ,Getis'G val‐ue and spatial scan statistics are used to judge spatial autocorrelation .Molding plays an important role on analyzing risk factors of echinococcosis .Generalised linear mixed models and Bayesian model are always performed with both spatial factors ,such as geomorphologic features ,climatic characteristics ,vegetation index and factors which make great effect on disease transmission . To figure out the spatial distribution of echinococcosis is significant for echinococcosis control and prevention .

Objective To analyze the clinical effect and safety of cortical bone decortication combined locking plate fixation for treatment of long bone nonunion of limbs. Methods Eighty patients with long bone nonunion of limbs who were treated in the Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University from Jun. 2010 to Jun. 2013 were selected as our subjects and their clinical data were recorded. According to different treatment methods,the patients were divided into control group and observation group,and each group with 40 cases. Patients in observation group were treated with cortical bone decortication combined locking plate fixation, while in control group were treated with locking plate combined slotted bone graft. Clinical effects and safety of two groups were compared. Results Excellent and good rate in observation group was 100%(40/40),obviously higher than that of control group(90. 0%(36/40);χ2 =4. 21,P﹤0. 05). Bleeding amount during operation in observation group was(370. 5 ± 56. 5)ml,obviously less than that of control group((486. 5 ± 64. 5)ml;t=8. 56,P﹤0. 01). And the fracture healing time was(5. 6 ± 1. 2)months in observation group,shorter than control group((7. 2 ± 1. 5)months;t =5. 27,P ﹤0. 01). The postoperative complication occurrence rate was 5. 0%(2/40),significantly lower than control group(20. 0%(8/40);χ2 =4. 11,P ﹤0. 05). Conclusion Cortical bone decortication combined locking plate fixation for treatment of long bone nonunion of limbs is safe and effective,and it can reduce operation injury and accelerate postoperative healing of fracture.

Mechanisms of UV-B-induced apoptotic regulation in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied. The results showed that UV-B irradiation indeed inhibited the growth of yeast cells as well as induced extensive apoptosis during 96 h experiment period. However, survival of 96 h irradiated cells remained 10% while most control cells finally dead after re-growth under UV-B irradiation for 12 d. And by exposed to 0.01 mol/L or 0.1 mol/L H2O2 for 30 min, survival rate of 24 h irradiated cells were 3.0-fold or 3.2-fold than control, respectively. By to heat shock for 30 min or 60 min, survival rate of 24 h irradiated cells were 3.5-fold or 9.0-fold than control, respectively.

Objective To investigate awareness of knowledge about iron deficiency anemia (IDA)in patients with it.Methods Patients diagnosed as IDA at their initial visits to Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical School were randomly selected for the study during January 2008 to January 2009 with self-designed questionnaire to investigate their awareness of knowledge about IDA.Results Among 199 patients with IDA investigated, their awareness was lower in general, five percent about its etiologies, 34.2 percent about its clinical manifestations, 18.1 percent about its hazard to health, and two percent about food abundant of iron.For preventive measures of IDA, 50.7 percent (101/199) of them knew that daily diet should be diversified and 43.7 percent (87/199) knew that meals should be prepared with ferric cooking pot.Awareness of knowledge about other preventive measures of IDA was lower in them.No significant difference in awareness of IDA-related knowledge between them at varied ages was found, except for knowledge about etiology and hazard of IDA.Awareness of etiology of IDA differed between them at varied ages (P ＜0.05), and about 75.3 percent (64/85)of patients with IDA aged 30 -45 years were caused by chronic blood loss.There was no significant difference in awareness of IDA-related knowledge between patients with IDA caused by varied etiologies (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions In general, awareness of IDA-related knowledge was lower in patients with IDA.It is necessary to strengthen its popularization, with varied focuses in preventive measures for IDA patients with different etiologies.