During the past few years,international nephrology and emergency medicine tend to change the nomenclature from acute renal failure to acute kidney injury (AKI) .In pediatrics,primary renal diseases are no longer the most common cause of AKI.Instead,the etiology is likely multifactorial,related to a combination of several factors,especially in the intensive care unit.And AKI not just significantly prolongs the length of stay in the pediatric intensive care unit,but is associated with a significant increase in mortality.In this article,we will simply review the etiology and epidemiology of AKI,and analyse the differences between RIFLE criteria and AKIN criteria.

With China's emphasis on innovation in national development, local medical and pharmaceutical universities/colleges need to establish research teams for innovation, in which the formation of team spirit is essential. A good team is beneficial to the development of research leaders, the advancement of the discipline, and the outcome of researches, which all contribute to the development of the university.

BACKGROUND: Drug therapy can improve the clinical symptoms and extend the gestational age through the maternal way to treat intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP), however, fetal hypoxia and meconium-stained amniotic fluid can not clearly improved. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of replacement of amniotic fluid that contains high concentrations of bile acids by artificial amniotic fluid through amniocentesis in the rat model of ICP. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: Random control animal experiments were completed in the Laboratory (first-degree laboratory) of Animal Experimental Center in Chongqing Medical University from March to September 2008. MATERIALS: Forty SD pregnant rats with 15 days of pregnancy were randomly divided into intracavitary injection of S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) (IUS), intracavitary injection of sodium chloride (IUN), intravenous injection of SAMe (IVS) and blank control (IC) groups, with 10 rats in each group. METHODS: On day 15 of pregnancy, ICP rat models were induced by daily injection of estradiol benzoate. On day 17 of pregnancy, 1 mg SAMe and 0.3 mL sodium chloride were injected into amniotic cavity of in the IUS and IUN groups through amniocentasis. Meanwhile, 30 mg SAMe were injected though tail veins in IVS group. No treatment was performed in the IC group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The meconium-stained amniotic fluid rate and the still birth rate were calculated. Total bile acid (TBA) level in amniotic fluid was measured. In addition, the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 ?(HIF-1?) mRNA in the placenta of rats were examined by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription PCR at the days 20 of pregnancy. RESULTS: The meconium-stained amniotic fluid rate in the experimental group was lower than that of the IC group (P

Objective The BOLD -fMRI(blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging)was used to observe the functional cortical activities of the bilateral cerebral hemispheres in 23 cases of chil_dren with congenital sensorineural hearing loss under resting state ,and to further explore the values of BOLD-fM_RI in patients with sensorineural hearing loss .Methods Twenty three children with congenital sensorineural hearing loss were included in the experimental group and 10 normal heating children were included as cronol group .The ALFF(amplitude of low -frequency fluctuation) method was used to analyze the image data ,and to compare the ex_perimental and control groups with bilateral cerebral cortex function activities for the quantitative analysis .ResuIts The resting state activity intensity in the left inferior temporal gyrus ,left fusiform gyrus ,right cingulate gyrus and left post central gyrus of the experimental group were significantly greater than those of in the corresponding intensi_ty cortex of the control group (P< 0 .01) .ConcIusion The cortex of sensory systems in children with congenital sensorineural deafness may have functional remodeling ,cerebral cortex of patients with sensorineural hearing loss may have perception compensation phenomenon .

Objective To study the effect of rosiglitazone on pathologic changes of ? cell ultrastructure in insulin-resistant (IR) rats. Methods IR rat model was established in 6-8-week-old SD rats by high-glucose feeding (70% calories from glucose) for 6 weeks. The IR rats was then divided into IR group (n=10) and rosiglitazone (RSG) group (n=10). Rats in RSG group were treated with RSG 10 ?mol?kg -1?d -1 for 6 weeks by gavage. Ultrastructure of ? cells was observed with transmission electron microscope. Results Systolic blood pressure and serum levels of triglyceride, free fatty acids and insulin in RSG group were lower than those in IR group (all P

Objective To study the effect of rosiglitazone on pathologic changes in the ultrastructure of aortic endothelia in insulin-resistant (IR) rats. Methods IR rat model was prepared in 6-8-week-old SD rats by high-glucose chaw (70% calories from glucose) for 6 weeks. IR rat model was divided into IR group (n=10) and rosiglitazone (RSG) group (n=10). Rats in RSG group were given rosiglitazone 10 ?mol?kg -1?d -1 (16:00) by gavage for 6 weeks. Ultrastructure of aortic endothelia was observed with transmission electron microscope. Results Systolic blood pressure and serum levels of triglyceride, free fatty acid and insulin in RSG group were lower than those in IR group (both P

To study the effect of melatonin on pathologic changes in beta cells ultrastructure of insulin-resistant(IR) rats, insulin-resistant rat model(n=20) was reproduced in 6-8 week old Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats by feeding with high-glucose diet (70% calories from glucose)for 6 weeks. The IR model rats were divided into an IR group(n=10) and a melatonin(MEL) group(n=10). Rats in the MEL group were given melatonin 10mg?kg -1?d -1(4PM) introgastrically for 6 weeks. Ultrastructure of beta cells was observed with a transmission electron microscope(TEM). The results showed:systolic blood pressure(SBP) and serum triglyceride(TG), low-density lipoprotein(LDL-c),insulin(Ins), malondialdehyde(MDA) in MEL group were lower than in IR group (all P

The aim of this study was to observe the changes of melatonin and its receptor in ischemic cerebral apoplexy(ICA) rats and the effect of melatonin pretreatment on The ICA rats. The ICA rat model was reproduced by using Pulsinelli′s method. Serum corticosterone and melatonin concentration were determined in each group. The radioactivity of melatonin receptor in the brain and peripheral leucocytes was deteced by -Mel radioligand binding assay. Bmax and Kd of melatonin receptor were calculated. The results indieated serum corticosterone in apoplexy group was higher than in sham operation group (P

Elderly agrypnia patients were given with different doses of melatonin. Patients′ falling a sleep time, coming into effect time, sleep lasting time and adverse effect of melatonin were observed to study the effect and safety of melatonin on elderly agrypnia patients. The results showed melatonin could effectively improve the agrypnia suffered by elderly patients. Patients′ falling a sleep time was shortened and sleep lasting time prolonged after taking melatonin. The effect of melatonin increased along with increase of its dose.There were no adverse effects observed. Our study indicates that melatonin has a good safety profile and significant effects on agrypnia suffered by elderly patients.

To investigate the role of malnutrition on expression of thymus melatonin receptor(MR), rats were fed with low protein diet to induce an experimental animal model of malnutrition. MR was detected by radioligand binding assay. In malnourished rats before pregnancy and those during pregnancy, the thymus development in their offsprings was retarded, and the expression of MR was lower than that of the controls. After fed with standard diet,the development of the thymus and the MR in the infant rats improved significantly. The results suggest that malnutrition can retard the development of thymus, so the production of MR in thymus is lowered, and this may affect the physiological role of melatonin.