Objective: To understand the trends of classroom lighting and illumination of primary and secondary schools in Beijing from 2016 to 2023, so as to provide a scientific basis for targeted improvement measures. Methods: A sampling survey was conducted on the lighting and illumination indicators of 8 390 classrooms in primary and secondary schools in Beijing from 2016 to 2023. The survey included classroom daylight factor, window to floor area ratio, average illuminance and illuminance uniformity on the desks, average illuminance and illuminance uniformity on blackboards, as well as classroom lighting and blackboard illumination sources. Intergroup comparisons were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test and the Chi square test, and Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the trend of classroom lighting and illumination changes. Results: Except the window to floor area ratio, the measured values and compliance rates of all lighting and illumination indicators showed an overall upward trend from 2016 to 2023 (daylight factor r = 0.27, χ 2 trend =206.80, average illuminance on the desk surface r =0.30, χ 2 trend =87.97, illuminance uniformity on the desk surface r =0.14, χ 2 trend =73.59, average illuminance on the blackboard r =0.33, χ 2 trend =477.43, illuminance uniformity on the blackboard r = 0.09, χ 2 trend =50.76) (all P ＜0.01). The lighting and illumination indicators of classrooms (included classroom daylight factor, average illuminance and illuminance uniformity on the desks, average illuminance and illuminance uniformity on blackboards) in urban schools, primary schools, and secondary schools from 2016 to 2023 showed an upward trend (urban r =0.23-0.40, χ 2 trend =88.66-392.18; primary school r =0.12-0.36, χ 2 trend =39.50-281.44; secondary schools r =0.06-0.31, χ 2 trend =11.79-213.73) (all P ＜ 0.01 ). The illuminance uniformity on the blackboard in suburban schools showed a downward trend ( r = -0.09, χ 2 trend =31.53, both P ＜0.01). The illuminance uniformity on the desk surface in suburban schools showed no significant change ( r =0.03, χ 2 trend =1.23, both P ＞0.05). The other indicators showed an upward trend (daylight factor r =0.28, χ 2 trend =40.69, average illuminance on the desk surface r =0.24, χ 2 trend =16.35, average illuminance on the blackboard r =0.25, χ 2 trend =118.05, all P ＜0.01). The trends of classroom and blackboard illumination sources were that fluorescent lamps decreased year by year and LED lamps increased by year (classroom illumination sources χ 2 trend =1 059.82, blackboard illumination sources χ 2 trend =1 070.25, both P ＜0.01). Conclusions The classroom lighting and illumination in primary and secondary schools in Beijing has shown an overall improving trend from 2016 to 2023. However, problems remain, such as limited improvement of illuminance uniformity indicators, late start and poor effect of reconstruction in suburban schools. Further improvements are still needed.

Gouty arthritis （GA） is caused by monosodium urate（MSU） deposition due to purine metabolism disorders. In traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， it falls under the category of "dampness-heat Bi syndrome"， with core pathogenesis involving dampness-heat accumulation and dysfunction of the spleen and kidney. The dampness-heat syndrome is the most common and the primary syndrome type during acute attacks. In Western medicine， GA is associated with purine metabolism imbalance and inflammation triggered by MSU crystals， involving pathways such as NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3） inflammasome activation and Toll-like receptor 2/4 （TLR2/4） signaling. Clinically， colchicine and similar drugs are commonly used to treat GA， although long-term use carries potential side effects. Ermiao Formula analogs originate from ancient prescriptions， including Ermiao， Sanmiao， and Simiao compound formulas. All contain Atractylodis Rhizoma and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex. Ermiaowan follow a 1∶1 formulation ratio. Sanmiaowan add Cyathulae Radix. Simiaowan further incorporate Coicis Semen. These formulas are rich in active ingredients， including alkaloids， terpenoids， flavonoids， and sterols， and treat GA through multi-component， multi-pathway， and multi-target mechanisms. Ermiaosan primarily exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pathways such as TLR4/nuclear factor kappa-B （NF-κB） or regulating immune responses to reduce the release of inflammatory mediators， while also suppressing xanthine dehydrogenase （XDH） and xanthine oxidase （XO） activity to decrease uric acid production. Sanmiaowan enhance uric acid-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects through the guiding herb Cyathulae Radix， while also protecting cartilage from damage. Simiaowan utilizes Coicis Semen to regulate intestinal flora， alleviate dampness-heat symptoms， and exert multi-pathway anti-inflammatory and uric acid-lowering effects. The active ingredients contribute differently to uric acid metabolism regulation， anti-inflammation， antioxidant activity， and bone repair， resulting in varying therapeutic effects due to differences in formula composition. In summary， formulas derived from Ermiaosan demonstrate significant efficacy in treating dampness-heat type GA. This review summarizes their research progress and mechanisms， providing a reference for clinical application， new drug development， and further studies.

Oral solid dosage forms require processes such as disintegration and dissolution to release the drug before it can be absorbed and utilized by the body. In this manuscript, imaging technology was used to continuously visualize and characterize the in vitro static drug release process of gliclazide modified release tablets from 15 manufacturers, combined with the traditional method of in vitro dissolution testing, to determine the release profile of gliclazide modified release tablets, to evaluate the similarity of the release profiles by using the similarity factor (f₂) method and based on the analysis of the release profiles fitted with a variety of mathematical models. The results indicate that the gliclazide modified release tablets produced by 14 companies are hydrophilic gel matrix tablets. Compared to the reference listed drug, the release profiles of formulations from 11 companies show high similarity (f₂ > 50) to the reference. Among these, formulations with visual characteristics similar to the reference exhibit similar release curves. This study provides an alternative method for the in vitro consistency evaluation of gliclazide modified release tablets, aiming to assess the in vitro release behaviour of generic formulations more accurately and comprehensively.

[Objective] To establish a cryopreservation protocol for small-volume (≤1 mL) red blood cells (RBCs) and to evaluate the reactivity and stability of blood group antigens after cryopreservation, so as to explore its potential application in immunohematology reference laboratories. [Methods] Small-volume RBCs were cryopreserved for 120 days, followed by thawing and deglycerolization to restore the RBC components. The quality of the RBCs was assessed. Serum antibodies were serially diluted and reacted with RBCs before and after cryopreservation, and agglutination scores were recorded to quantitatively evaluate the reactivity and stability of blood group antigens such as Rh, Duffy, Lewis, Kidd, M, and H. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the percentage and mean fluorescence intensity of ABO antigen expression on RBCs before and after cryopreservation to assess the usability of cryopreserved RBCs in flow immunophenotyping and blood group subtype studies. [Results] The hemolysis rate of thawed and deglycerolized RBCs was (0.27±0.10)%, with a supernatant free hemoglobin level of (0.52±0.14) g/L, and the RBC recovery rate was (69.12±7.91)%. The direct antiglobulin test (DAT) was negative for all thawed RBCs. There was no difference in the reactivity of blood group antigens before and after cryopreservation, and no difference in the percentage and mean fluorescence intensity of A and B antigen expression on RBCs before and after cryopreservation. [Conclusion] The small-volume RBC cryopreservation protocol can be applied to immunohematology analysis in reference laboratories and is expected to be widely used in blood group identification, antibody screening, identification, and blood group-related research.

Objective To evaluate the clinical characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients with peripheral lung masses (PLMs), and to assess the diagnostic utility of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in differentiating benign and malignant PLMs. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 69 patients with PLM treated in Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center from January 2020 to December 2023. All patients underwent percutaneous biopsy, and were categorized into benign group (n＝36) and malignant group (n＝33). 25 patients were HIV-positive and 44 patients were HIV-negative. The clinical features and CEUS parameters in patients were compared across these groups. Results Patients with malignant masses were significantly older than those with benign masses (P＜0.05). In the malignant group, HIV-negative patients exhibited significantly larger tumor diameters compared to HIV-positive patients (P＜0.05); in the HIV-positive patients, no significant difference in tumor size was observed between benign and malignant masses. 19 patients underwent CEUS. 10 malignant masses, irrespective of HIV status (10 positive and 9 negative), commonly presented with indistinct margins, delayed enhancement, heterogeneous perfusion, and delayed peak enhancement on CEUS. 9 benign masses showed earlier peak enhancement compared to 10 malignant masses (P＜0.05); no significant differences were observed in the initiation and washout time of enhancement between benign and malignant masses. In HIV-positive patients, 5 benign masses frequently demonstrated discrepancies between CEUS findings and pathological results. Conclusions The clinical and CEUS characteristics were different between benign and malignant PLMs. However, CEUS shows limited accuracy in distinguishing benign and malignant PLMs, underscoring the need for pathological confirmation.

Linxian County in Henan Province, Northern China is known as the region with the highest incidence and mortality rate of esophageal cancer worldwide. Since 1959, the Henan medical team has conducted field work on esophageal cancer prevention and treatment in Linxian. Through three generations of effort exerted by oncologists over 65 years of research on esophageal cancer prevention and treatment in Linxian, the incidence rate of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in this area has dropped by nearly 50%, and the 5-year survival rate has increased to 40%, reaching the international leading level. This article aims to summarize the history, present opportunities and new challenges, and explore the experience of esophageal cancer prevention and treatment in Linxian (referred to as the “Linxian experience”), providing reference and guidance to cancer prevention and treatment research in China.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of Shenkang injection in delaying diabetic kidney disease by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and attenuating podocyte apoptosis through the Glucose regulated protein 78 （ GRP78 ） / transcription factor C / EBP homologous protein （ CHOP ） signaling pathway （GRP78/CHOP） signaling pathway. MethodsFor the animal experiment， 10 12-week-old db/m mice were selected as a normal group， and 30 12-week-old db/db mice were randomly divided into a model group， a Shenkang injection group （15.6 mL·kg^-1）， and a dapagliflozin group （1.6 mg·kg^-1）. To observe the general condition of mice， fasting blood glucose， urinary albumin/urine creatinine （ACR）， and 24 h urine protein quantification were detected in each group before drug administration. After 12 weeks of drug treatment， mice were tested for fasting blood glucose， total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low-density cholesterol （LDL）， ACR， 24 h urine protein quantification， blood creatinine （SCr）， and blood urea （UREA）. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， periodic acid-Schiff （PAS） staining， and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the pathologic morphology in renal tissue. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of nephroprotective marker protein （Nephrin）， glucose-regulated protein 78 （GRP78）， CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein （CHOP）， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax） in renal tissue. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of GRP78， CHOP， Bcl-2， Bax， and Nephrin proteins， and Real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was employed to detect the expressions of Nephrin， GRP78， CHOP， Bcl-2， and Bax mRNAs in renal tissue. ResultsBefore drug administration， compared with those in the normal group， the body mass of db/db mice was significantly increased， and blood glucose， 24 h urine protein quantification， and ACR were significantly elevated in the Shenkang injection group and Dapagliflozin group （P<0.01）. After 12 weeks of administration， compared with those in the model group， the general state of mice in the Shenkang injection group was significantly improved， and the body mass was decreased. The blood glucose was significantly reduced （P<0.01）， and blood lipids TC， TG， and LDL were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The 24 h urine protein quantification and ACR were significantly decreased （P<0.05）， and SCr and UREA were significantly reduced （P<0.01）. Compared with those of the model group， the pathologic results of the Shenkang injection group showed that proliferation of mesangial cells， reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration， and alleviation of renal tubular vacuolization and podocyte damage were observed in renal tissue of mice. Electron microscopy showed that fusion of the pedicle protruding and thickening of the basement membrane were reduced. Immunohistochemistry results showed that the expressions of GRP78， CHOP， and Bax proteins were significantly reduced （P<0.01）， and the expressions of Nephrin and Bcl-2 proteins were significantly increased （P<0.01） in renal tissue of the Shenkang injection group. Western blot results showed that the expressions of Nephrin and Bcl-2 in the Shenkang injection group were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the expressions of GRP78， CHOP， and Bax proteins were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Real-time PCR results showed that the expressions of GRP78， CHOP， and Bax mRNAs were down regulated in the Shenkang injection group （P<0.01）， and the expressions of Nephrin and Bcl-2 mRNAs were up regulated （P<0.01）. ConclusionShenkang injection inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress response and podocyte apoptosis by regulating the GRP78/CHOP signaling pathway， which in turn ensures the integrity of glomerular filtration barrier， reduces the occurrence of proteinuria， improves renal function， and thus delays the progression of diabetic kidney disease.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of Shenkang injection in delaying diabetic kidney disease by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress and attenuating podocyte apoptosis through the Glucose regulated protein 78 （ GRP78 ） / transcription factor C / EBP homologous protein （ CHOP ） signaling pathway （GRP78/CHOP） signaling pathway. MethodsFor the animal experiment， 10 12-week-old db/m mice were selected as a normal group， and 30 12-week-old db/db mice were randomly divided into a model group， a Shenkang injection group （15.6 mL·kg^-1）， and a dapagliflozin group （1.6 mg·kg^-1）. To observe the general condition of mice， fasting blood glucose， urinary albumin/urine creatinine （ACR）， and 24 h urine protein quantification were detected in each group before drug administration. After 12 weeks of drug treatment， mice were tested for fasting blood glucose， total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， low-density cholesterol （LDL）， ACR， 24 h urine protein quantification， blood creatinine （SCr）， and blood urea （UREA）. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， periodic acid-Schiff （PAS） staining， and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the pathologic morphology in renal tissue. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of nephroprotective marker protein （Nephrin）， glucose-regulated protein 78 （GRP78）， CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein （CHOP）， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax） in renal tissue. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of GRP78， CHOP， Bcl-2， Bax， and Nephrin proteins， and Real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was employed to detect the expressions of Nephrin， GRP78， CHOP， Bcl-2， and Bax mRNAs in renal tissue. ResultsBefore drug administration， compared with those in the normal group， the body mass of db/db mice was significantly increased， and blood glucose， 24 h urine protein quantification， and ACR were significantly elevated in the Shenkang injection group and Dapagliflozin group （P<0.01）. After 12 weeks of administration， compared with those in the model group， the general state of mice in the Shenkang injection group was significantly improved， and the body mass was decreased. The blood glucose was significantly reduced （P<0.01）， and blood lipids TC， TG， and LDL were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The 24 h urine protein quantification and ACR were significantly decreased （P<0.05）， and SCr and UREA were significantly reduced （P<0.01）. Compared with those of the model group， the pathologic results of the Shenkang injection group showed that proliferation of mesangial cells， reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration， and alleviation of renal tubular vacuolization and podocyte damage were observed in renal tissue of mice. Electron microscopy showed that fusion of the pedicle protruding and thickening of the basement membrane were reduced. Immunohistochemistry results showed that the expressions of GRP78， CHOP， and Bax proteins were significantly reduced （P<0.01）， and the expressions of Nephrin and Bcl-2 proteins were significantly increased （P<0.01） in renal tissue of the Shenkang injection group. Western blot results showed that the expressions of Nephrin and Bcl-2 in the Shenkang injection group were significantly increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the expressions of GRP78， CHOP， and Bax proteins were significantly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Real-time PCR results showed that the expressions of GRP78， CHOP， and Bax mRNAs were down regulated in the Shenkang injection group （P<0.01）， and the expressions of Nephrin and Bcl-2 mRNAs were up regulated （P<0.01）. ConclusionShenkang injection inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress response and podocyte apoptosis by regulating the GRP78/CHOP signaling pathway， which in turn ensures the integrity of glomerular filtration barrier， reduces the occurrence of proteinuria， improves renal function， and thus delays the progression of diabetic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND:Ca2+expression in astrocytes has been found to be closely related to cognitive function,and the Ca2+signaling pathway regulated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors(IP3R2)and ryanodine receptor(RYR)2 receptors has become a hot spot in the study of cognitive disorder-related diseases. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the expression of Ca2+signals mediated by IP3R2 and RYR2 in hippocampal astrocytes in animal models of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning,and to explore the possible pathogenesis of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. METHODS:C57BL mice with qualified cognitive function were selected by Morris water maze experiment and randomly divided into control group and experimental group.An animal model of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning was established by static carbon monoxide inhalation in the experimental group,and the same amount of air was inhaled in the control group.Behavioral and neuronal changes,astrocyte specific marker glial fibrillary acidic protein,IP3R2,RYR2 receptor and Ca2+concentration in astrocytes of the two groups were detected using Morris water maze,hematoxylin-eosin staining,western blot,immunofluorescence double labeling and Ca2+fluorescence probe at 21 days after modeling. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the Morris water maze,the escape latency of the experimental group was significantly longer than that of the control group(P<0.05).Hematoxylin-eosin staining results showed that in the experimental group,the number of hippocampal pyramidal cells decreased,the cell structure was disordered,and the nucleus was broken and dissolved.Immunofluorescence results showed that IP3R2 and RYR2 were co-expressed with glial fibrillary acidic protein in the hippocampus,and the expressions of IP3R2,RYR2 and glial fibrillary acidic protein were up-regulated in the hippocampus of the experimental group(P<0.05).Western blot analysis showed that the expressions of IP3R2,RYR2,and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the hippocampus of the experimental group were increased(P<0.05).Ca2+concentration in hippocampal astrocytes increased significantly in the experimental group(P<0.05).To conclude,astrocytes may affect Ca2+signals by mediating IP3R2 and RYR2 receptors,then impair the cognitive function of mice with carbon monoxide poisoning,and eventually lead to delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning.

BACKGROUND:With the continuous progress of science and technology,the introduction of new technologies and methods will bring more possibilities and new breakthroughs for the application of shape memory alloys in the fields of assistive and rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE:To review the application status of shape memory alloys in assistive and rehabilitation equipment,discuss their main methods,techniques and results,summarize and put forward suggestions,hoping that shape memory alloys can be continuously optimized and bring more new changes for the development of assistive and rehabilitation equipment. METHODS:WanFang,PubMed,and Web of Science databases were searched by computer."Shape memory alloys,application progress,orthodontics,orthopedic,prosthesis,rehabilitation,properties,implantation,mechanical properties,nickel-titanium memory alloys,actuation"were used as Chinese search terms."Shape memory alloys,application,orthodontics,orthopedic,prosthetics,rehabilitation,properties,implant,drive,progress,prostheses"were used as English search terms.Finally,91 articles were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Shape memory alloy has the characteristics of corrosion resistance,wear resistance,biocompatibility,fatigue resistance,kink resistance and other properties.Compared with other traditional materials(stainless steel,titanium alloy,cobalt-chromium alloy,etc.),shape memory alloy has lower elastic modulus and no biological toxicity,which is suitable for long-term implantation as an implant prosthesis.Due to its shape memory effect and excellent mechanical properties,it is mainly used as a driving element or as a bridge connecting the device and the human body in artificial limbs,orthoses and rehabilitation equipment.(2)The use of shape memory alloy drive elements can reduce the weight of the device,eliminate noise,easy to operate,easy to carry,better assist joint movement;compared with the use of pneumatic,hydraulic,and electrical drive methods of the device,it has obvious advantages.(3)In addition,shape memory alloy can produce permanent and stable stress during deformation.Compared with stainless steel,titanium alloy and aluminum alloy,shape memory alloy has a higher material recovery rate and does not need to be replaced and adjusted frequently,so it is more practical in the correction of deformity.(4)At present,shape memory alloy is most commonly used in orthosis,and the best clinical application effect is in stapes prosthesis.However,due to the limitations of technology and cost,shape memory alloys are rarely used in artificial limbs and rehabilitation equipment,and there is a lack of large sample size studies on the application effect.(5)Although shape memory alloys have been developed in the field of auxiliary and rehabilitation,there are still many problems:it is difficult to accurately control the shape memory alloys;the cooling speed of shape memory alloy is slow;the deformation speed of shape memory alloy cannot be controlled;there is a lack of comparative research and expert consensus on shape memory alloys with different properties;shape memory alloys are costly and expensive.(6)In the future,attention should be paid to the development of new shape memory alloys,increase comparative research,and use new technologies and methods(such as 4D printing)to solve the existing problems,so as to develop high-performance assistive devices and rehabilitation equipment.