This paper discussed the differences in teaching arrangement,material construction,teaching pattern, and teaching methods been used in medical microbiology teaching between China and the United State.

Objective To evaluate the usefulness of diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI) in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of gallbladder wall thickening diseases.Methods 42 patients with gallbladder wall thickening (16 patients with carcinoma and 26 patients with benign lesion) were included in this study.All patients performed conventional MRI and DWI.The diagnostic performances of three methods (conventional MRI,visual assessment of color fusion image from DWI and T2WI,and ADC measurement) were evaluated by two radiologists.Results The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.570,0.849,0.901 for conventional MRI,visual assessment and ADC measurement respectively.The accuracy,sensitivity and specificity were 59.5%,62.5%,57.7% for conventional MRI,85.7%,81.2%,88.5% for visual assessment of color fusion image,and 83.3%,80.0%,85.2% for ADC measurement,respectivily.The mean ADC value of gallbladder cacinoma[(1.15±0.35)×10-3mm2/s]was significantly less than that of gallbladder benign lesion [(1.99±0.61)×10-3mm2/s](P<0.01).Conclusion The DWI(visual assessment of color fusion image and ADC measurement)might be a useful tool for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the gallbladder wall thickening diseases.

Animals ; Calcitriol ; pharmacology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; Liver ; drug effects ; Liver Diseases ; complications ; drug therapy ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Objective To analyze the correlation factors that promote or impede the residents to preferentially use essential medicines.Methods Adopting stratified random sampling method,1 700 households selected from 5 cities of Shandong province were investigated with a questionnaire.The framework of Andersen behavior model of health service utilization was used as the framework,with such methods as descriptive analysis and univariate logistic regression models for the analysis and evaluation of relevant information.Results The residents′ tendency factor,ability factor and environmental factor influence their preference to use essential medicines,while the requirement factor plays a minimal role.There was a significant difference for the preference of combined medication,first visit preference and self-medication experience,the efficacy and policy response of essential medicine from logistic regression analysis.Conclusion At present,the government should focus on the construction of the formation mechanism of the residents′drug use behavior and the policy response mechanism of essential medicine system.

Objective To compare the work well-being among physicians between two surveys (2007 and 201 1 )performed in public hospital of Shandong province.Methods The constituent ratios and Pearson correlation coefficient of two surveys with 1 520 and 1 910 respondents were compared.Results The proportion of satisfied physicians decreased from 6.8% between the two surveys.Those approvingwork autonomy dropped 21.1%;those satisfied with their social standing dropped 9.1%,and those recognizing media coverage increased 12.3%.In year 2007,the top five issues most concerned with work satisfaction wereincome equity,embodiment of professional value,balance between income and workload,equity of academic title appraisal,andhealth reform policy (r were 0.53,0.5 1,0.52, 0.5 1,and 0.45,with P average< 0.01 ).While in year 201 1,the top five issues most concerned with work satisfaction were patient turst,medical lawsuit,income equity,health reform policy,dissension dealing(r were 0.50,0.50,0.50,0.49,0.48 ).Attention to medical reports rising the most (r from 0.04 to 0.45).Conclusion There was little positive change on physicians'work well-being before and after new health reform while physicians are bearing tiredness and high risk under high expectation and low trust.Rebuilding the patients'trust,dispersing risks of the medical profession and improving the practicing environment are the keys to motivating physicians.

The DNA fragment sized 2 139bp, the same Sequence with AtKup1 gene from Arabidopsis thalianna was used as the templates for DNA family shuffling. The shuffeld AtKup1 gene library was expressed in the mutant of 5. cerevisae in which potassium transporter gene TRK1 and TRK2 were knocked out by homologous recombination. Then the screening was carried out in the low potassium media containing 5. 0 mmol/L KC1 and no histidine in it. it was found that both of diverse and wild AtKup1 gene can rescues the trk1△trk2△yeast mutant strain in low [ K + ] medium. The growth of 2 clones yeast containing diverse AtKup1 were beter than that of AtKup1 wild gene transformant. The sequencig results of the shuffeld AtKup1 showed that there were 2 nucleotide changed, which resulted in 2 amino acid variations in it compared with the original AtKup1. The potassium uptaking capacity of shuffled AtKup1 gene increased significantly when it was transformed into tobacco.

Objective To analyze the residents′ willingness to hierarchical medical system and their intention of first visit hospitals.Methods Customized questionnaire was used for in-home survey of 1 500 households in three cities of Shandong province,with 773 of the residents aware of hierarchical medical system used as the study samples.Descriptive analysis and multi factor Logistic regression were employed for statistical analysis of their intention.Results 85.0% the residents expressed willingness to embrace hierarchical medical system.55.0% of the residents prefer primary medical institutions as their first visit in case of mild illness,a choice chosen by more rural residents(58.9%)than urban residents(48.0%),a difference of statistical significance(P<0.01).In the case of severe illness,87.3% of them prefer major hospitals as their first visit,and more urban residents(94.3%)take this option than the rural residents(83.3%),a difference of statistical significance(P<0.01).Service ability of medical institutions and residents′ concept for medical service played a key role in their choice of first visit hospitals.Conclusions The key to ensuring the implementation effect of hierarchical medical system lies in better service ability of primary medical institutions and correction of residents′ irrational medication concepts.

Objective To compare the coherence of serum creatinine,creatinine clearance(Ccr), Cystatin C,and estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR)in each stage of chronic kidney disease(CKD) patients.Methods Creatinine in serum and urine were determined by Jaffe method;serum Cystatin C was measured by particle enhanced turbidimetric method,while eGFR was calculated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease(MDRD)equation which was mainly based on the serum creatinine concentration.According to the American national kidney foundation-Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative(NKF-K/DOQI)guideline,all cases were grouped by eGFR into 5 stages.Results In these 228 cases,as eGFR decreased gradually,the average levels of creatinine and Cystatin C increased,while Ccr decreased.The level of each items showed a statistic difference among each stage(P0.05);in eGFR 60-89 ml/min group,the average level of creatinine was 83.3 ?mol/L,the abnormal rate was only 6.8%,it was not a sensitive marker to detect the slightly damaged GFR,the levels of Ccr and Cystatin C showed a marginal decrease and increase,with an abnormal rates of 70% and 86%,there was a statistic difference among the three abnormal rates(P

Potassium ion channels are a complex of protein molded in the cell membrane lipids. Its expression is strong in normal prostatic epithelia and weak in different degrees in prostatic cancer epithelia, but not clearly known in chronic prostatitis epithelia. Drugs affecting potassium ion channels could provide a new direction and some new ideas for the treatment of prostatic diseases.
Animals ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Potassium Channel Blockers ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Potassium Channels ; classification ; drug effects ; physiology ; Prostatic Diseases ; drug therapy ; physiopathology

Nuclear factor erythroid 2 -related factor 2 ( Nrf2 ) is a key transcriptional factor of endogenous antioxidant defense system, which maintains the redox balance by mediating Nrf2/ARE pathways that could regulate the expression of a battery of downstream antioxidant enzymes, phase Ⅱdetoxifying enzymes and transport proteins.Recent studies have demonstrated that Nrf2 plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of myo-cardial ischemia reperfusion injury ( MIRI) , thus activation of Nrf2 lead to the increase of antioxidant capacity, and eventually alleviates myocar-dial injury as well as exerts cardioprotection effect to some extent, which makes it a novel promising therapeutic target.Therefore, this paper re-views the research progress of the cardioprotection effect of Nrf2 in MIRI, attempting to provide innovative ideas about treatment for MIRI in clinical practice.