Vascular eognitive impairment (VCI) is a large class of syndromes from mild cognitive impairment to dementia, which are caused by the cerebrovascular risk factors (eg, hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipemia), obvious (eg, cerebral infarction and intracerebral hemorrhage) or unobvious cerebrovascular diseases (leukoaraiosis and chronic cerebral ischemia). Accurate early diagnosis provides the best treatment opportunity and slows down the progress of the disease. In recent years, the research on VCI has made a great progress. This article reviews VCI from the aspects of the etiology, clinical manifestation, neuropsychology, imaging, neuroelectrophysiology, biomarkers, and diagnostic criteria.

Objective To compare distribution and drug resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii specimen in the intensive care unit(ICU) and the ICU.Methods Retrospective analysis ICU of 1 079 strains isolated and the 8 413 strains of bacteria isolated from ICU , Bacteria identification and drug sensitive test instrument using VITEK 2 Compact automatic bacterial culture identification .Results Most ICU Acinetobacter baumannii separation , form (29.2%) was significantly higher than the ICU (6.2%),the difference was statistically significant (χ2 =625.955, P<0.05).ICU imine resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from south (IRAB)detection rate(91.7%)was significantly higher(43.5%) than the ICU,difference was statistically significant (χ2 =193.541,P<0.05);Specimens of ICU and the ICU isolated bacteria were mainly comes from sputum ,constitute a ratio of 64.0%and 32.9%respectively. ICU and the separation of the ICU Acinetobacter baumannii to amikacin resistant rate was low (20.0%-21.6%),the separation of ICU Acinetobacter baumannii for three or four generation of cephalosporin , composite inhibitor drugs , penicillium carbon alkene ,quinolone antibacterial drugs ,significantly higher percentages of ICU ,difference was statis-tically significant(χ2 =146.124,104.407,253.171,195.646,186.580,all P<0.05).Conclusion Multiple drug resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii in ICU detection rate is high ,the bacteria monitoring should be strengthened , and the rational use of drugs ,reduce the drug resistance of bacteria .

Objective To evaluate the intervention efficacy of hand hygiene of health care workers(HCWs)in a hospital before and after the comprehensive interventions were taken. Methods The baseline investigation stage was in April-June,2013 ,intervention was performed from July,2013,post-intervention efficacy evaluation stage was in October-December ,2013. Hand hygiene compliance was observed by investigators ,and questionnaires were filled out. Results After multiple interventions were taken,hand hygiene compliance rate of HCWs increased from 38.02% to 53.86% (χ2= 181.82,P<0.05),post-intervention compliance rates of hand hygiene improved significantly in departments of internal medicine,surgery and intensive care unit (all P<0.05).After intervention,the overall hand hy-giene compliance rate at different work opportunities rose from 41.87% (1 740/4 156)to 53.45% (2 044/3 824)(χ2=107.2,P<0.05);except sterile manipulation,the other 4 manipulation opportunities were all higher than pre-intervention (all P<0.05);HCWs of different professions were all higher than pre-intervention(all P<0.05).Conclusion Active hand hygiene intervention can effectively improve hand hygiene compliance of HCWs.

Objective To understand the hospital intensive care unit(ICU) pathogenic bacteria distribution and drug resistance for providing the basis for rational drug use and hospital infection control and prevention.Methods The drug resistance of 749 strains of pathogenic bacteria the separated from ICU was analyzed from January 2009 to December 2012.VITEK 2 Compact automatic bacteria identification instrument was used to detect bacteria identification and drug sensitive test using.Results There were Acinetobacter baumannii(208 strains,27.8％),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(108 strains,14.4％),E.coli (96 strains,12.8 ％),Staphylococcus aureus (76 strains,10.1％),Klebsiella pneumoniae(62 strains,8.3％) mainly accupied in 749 strains of pathogenic bacteria.The species was mainly from sputum specimens sources (503 strains,67.2％) ; the separation rate of Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 82.9％ (63/76) ; the separation rate of Imine resistance from South pseudomonas aeruginosa(IRPA) was 22.2％ (24/108) ; the separation rate of resistance to carbon penicillium alkene antimicrobial acinetobacter baumannii (CR-AB) was 88.0％ (183/208).The resistant rate of Acinetobacter baumannii to amikacin was from 28.6％ to 31.5％,the other 20 kinds of antimicrobial drug resistant rate was as high as 81.6％-100.0％ ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ciprofloxacin,ofloxacin,aztreonam and piperacillin/tazobactam resistant rate of 11.6％-25.0％.Conclusion Detection of pathogens in ICU,multi-drug resistance is serious,the hospital should strengthen the bacterial drug resistance monitoring,rational use of antimicrobial drugs,reduce the nosocomial infection.

Objective To understand the antibacterial activity of nitrofurantoin from gram negative bacilli,provide the basis for clinical rational use of furan appropriate for drugs.Methods Gram negative bacilli 5 589 strains isolated from clinical were monitored between January 2009 and December 2009.VITEK 2 Compact automatic bacteria identification instrument was used for bacteria identification and drug sensitive test.Whonet 5.6 software was used for data analysis.Results E.coli and klebsiella bacteria produced acid with nitrofurantoin had good antibacterial activity (resistance to ＜ 4.3%),E.coli and klebsiella pneumoniae to with nitrofurantoin for antimicrobial activity was good (the percentages of 25.6% ～ 25.6%),pseudomonas aeruginosa,acinetobacter baumannii,singular deformation bacteria and glue abdulrahman al saleh,bacterium antibacterial activity of furan appropriate for poorer(ni 93.7% ～ 98.9%).Imine resistance from south pseudomonas aeruginosa (IRPA),resistant to carbon penicillium alkene antimicrobial acinetobacter baumannii(CR-AB) and penicillium carbon alkene antimicrobial drug resistant enterobacteriaceae bacteria(CRE) with nitrofurantoin because of the percentages were 100.0% (108/108),100.0% (335/335) and 96.1% (74/77).Conclusion Urine,blood,pus,and secretion of primary separation of E.coli with nitrofurantoin has better antimicrobial activity; Sputum specimens of primary separation of pseudomonas aeruginosa and acinetobacter baumannii with nitrofurantoin has the high prevalence of resistance.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the NADPH oxidase p22phox-A930G polymorphism and hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in Chinese Han population in Shanghai area.Methods The patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage and normal controls were enrolled.The polymerase chain reaction and the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) were used to detect the genotypes and alleles of NADPH oxidase p22phox-A930G.Results A total of 128 patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage and 151 healthy controls were enrolled.The levels of systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,glucose,and triacylglycerol,as well as the proportions of smoking and alcohol consumption in patients of the hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage group were significantly higher than those of the control group (all P＜ 0.05).There were significant differences in AA,AG,and GG genotypes (42.2％,44.5％,and 13.3％ vs.63.6％,27.8％,and 8.6％,x2 =12.757,P =0.002) and in A and G allele (64.5％ and 35.5％ vs.77.5％ and 22.5％ ;x2 =8.734,P=0.001) frequencies between the hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage group and the control group.Multivariatelogistic regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa) (odds ratio [OR] 13.952,95％ confidence interval [CI] 7.242-26.879; P ＜ 0.001),apolipoprotein A ≥ 0.99 mmol/L (OR 3.139,95％ CI 1.012-9.733; P =0.048),and AG +GG genotype (OR 2.333,95％ CI 1.253-4.342; P=0.008) were the independent risk factors for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.Conclusions Among the Chinese Han population in Shanghai area,the NADPH oxidase p22phox-A930G polymorphism is an independent risk factor for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.

Potential toxicities of three classes of dyes and pigments were introduced in this review. Some azo/benzidine dyes, anthraquinone dyes and triarylmethane dyes have carcinogenicity,some azo/benzidine dyes and anthraquinone dyes may cause skin irritation, some noncarcinogenic triarylmethane dyes have risk of serious damage to eyes and may exert long term adverse effects on the aquatic environment.

Objective To explore the correlation between gene HLA-class I polymorphism and susceptibility to leukemia in Chinese Gansu Han people and search for the genes susceptible to leukemia.Methods HLA-A and B alleles polymorphism in 65 patients with leukemia and 48 normal subjects were determined by PCR with sequence specific oligucleotide probe(PCR-SSO).Results The allele frequencies of HLA-A01 and B38 were increased (P