The toxic Chinese materia medicia (CMM) has been considered as the combination of active ingredients and toxic ingredients. After reviewing on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM),combined with clinical and experimental researches,it was found that the two kinds of ingredients have dialectical relationship,they were manifested with "double-side" or "multi-surface" ,even could change into each other. Based on the above understanding,the new research mehods were proposed as follows:Evaluating toxicity of toxic CMM under the physiological and pathological states; Establishing its drug-nature and toxicity under the different pathological states; Focusing on different pathological states to establish the best combination of active and toxic ingredients; Exploring the transitional mechanism of the active and toxic ingredients.

A gas chromatographic method was established for the analysis of fatty acid composition of oils. After methlation of the samples, the retention time of the fatty acid esters in the glass capillary coated with crosslin-ked methyl silicone was closely related to the number of carbon atoms.The reproducibity of this method was satisfactory. The relative standard deviation was 0.4-1.5%. Six kinds of vegetable oils were analyzed by this method, and the results were consistent with those reported by Canadian Cereal Association. For analysis of the free fatty acid composition of becte-ria, the results were comparable with those obtained from thin layer chroma-tography and chemical analysis.

Objective To analyze the variations and influencing factors of hospitalization expenditure of cervical cancer patients among urban employees in Beijing from 2006 to 2010,and to provide evidences for developing reasonable measures of medical expenses control.Methods Based on the hospitalization expenditure data of 1146 cervical cancer cases,the paper probed into the changes of hospitalization age and hospitalization expenditure,and the influencing factors of hospitalization expenditure by means of descriptive analysis and multiple stepwise regression.Results The last 5 years witnessed no significant change in the first hospitalization age of cervical cancer patients,rise of hospitalization age,gradual rise of the hospitalization expenditure per time along with their age groups,as well as a rising trend of the average hospitalization expenses,average drug cost and proportion of average drug cost year by year.Results of the multiple stepwise linear regression showed that days of stay,proportion of drug cost and surgery or not as important influencing factors for hospitalization expenditure.Conclusion Hospitalization expenditure of cervical cancer keeps growing.Against this background,reasonable shortening of the days of stay,reasonable setup of an appropriate proportion of out-of-pocket payment,and reduction of the proportion of drug costs become effective means to reduce hospitalization expenditure.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused oxidative stress plays an important role in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis,and it is associated with the occurrence of ischemic cerebrovaseular diseases.This article reviews the mechanism of action of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in atherosclerosis and ischemic cerebrovascular disease,and the neuroprotective effects of NADPH oxidase inhibitors.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the drug resistance evolution of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA,to provide the basis for prevention and control measures.Methods 576 strains of clinical isolated Staphylococcus aureus from 2009 to 2012 were analyzed.The bacteria identification and drug sensitivity test were detected by VITEK 2 Compact automatic bacteria identification instrument.Results The separation rate of MRSA from 2009 to 2012 was 59.5％,but the separation rate was gradually decreased per year.The antibacterial activity of MRSA was better to vancomycin,linezolid,quinupristin/Dalfopristin,teicoplanin,nitrofurantoin (resistance rate ＜ 2.4％).The resistance rate and sensitive rate of MRSA to tigecycline was 0.0％,intermediary rate was 100.0％.The resistance of MRSA to gentamicin,ciprofloxacin,moxifloxacin,clindamycin,tetracycline and erythromycin was gradually decreased.From 2010 to 2012,The resistance of MRSA to cotrimoxazole decreased significantly,from 65.3％ in 2010 to 28.2％ in 2011 and 4.7％ in 2012 (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Separation of MRSA and drug resistance is reduced year by year,we should continue to strengthen the administration of antimicrobial agents,scientific and reasonable application of antibacterial drugs,reduce the incidence of multiresistant bacteria and drug resistance.

Objective To understand the distribution and drug resistance change trend of pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) in hospital clinical infection in order to provide laboratory basis for rational clinical use of medications.Methods Statistical analyses was conducted retrospectively in 818 strains of PA separated in our hospital from January 2007 to December 2011.Results Of all the separation,PA number of the pathogen constituted a ratio of 15.2％ (818/5365) ; The main source of specimens was sputum,accounting for 82.6％ (676/818).There was good antimicrobial activity of Imipenem,Piperacillin/Tazobactam,Aztreonam,Ceftazidime,Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin to PA,with resistance rates of 14.9％ (97/653),25.0％ (179/716),26.8％ (179/667),26.9％ (208/773),28.6％ (211/738) and 29.1％ (220/757) respectively; The resistance of Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin did not change significantly during 2007-2010 year,but in 2011 year a significant decrease of resistance rates was found (ciprofloxacin:35.1％ (175/498) vs.17.4％ (45/259) ; Levofloxacin:38.0％ (181/476) vs.11.5％ (30/262)) ; During 2009-2011 year,the resistance of Imipenem and Amikacin increased year by year (Imipenem:7.4％ (9/121) vs.7.7％ (66/209) vs.19.5％ (51/262) ; Amikacin:13.0％ (2/23) vs.33.3％ (69/207) vs.36.2％ (94/260)).Conclusion PA detection rate and its resistance is rising from 2007 to 2011 year.We should make rational drug use clinically according to antimicrobial susceptibility test results.Laboratories shall strengthen the bacterial resistance monitoring.

Objective To evaluate the intervention efficacy of hand hygiene of health care workers(HCWs)in a hospital before and after the comprehensive interventions were taken. Methods The baseline investigation stage was in April-June,2013 ,intervention was performed from July,2013,post-intervention efficacy evaluation stage was in October-December ,2013. Hand hygiene compliance was observed by investigators ,and questionnaires were filled out. Results After multiple interventions were taken,hand hygiene compliance rate of HCWs increased from 38.02% to 53.86% (χ2= 181.82,P<0.05),post-intervention compliance rates of hand hygiene improved significantly in departments of internal medicine,surgery and intensive care unit (all P<0.05).After intervention,the overall hand hy-giene compliance rate at different work opportunities rose from 41.87% (1 740/4 156)to 53.45% (2 044/3 824)(χ2=107.2,P<0.05);except sterile manipulation,the other 4 manipulation opportunities were all higher than pre-intervention (all P<0.05);HCWs of different professions were all higher than pre-intervention(all P<0.05).Conclusion Active hand hygiene intervention can effectively improve hand hygiene compliance of HCWs.

Objective To understand the hospital intensive care unit(ICU) pathogenic bacteria distribution and drug resistance for providing the basis for rational drug use and hospital infection control and prevention.Methods The drug resistance of 749 strains of pathogenic bacteria the separated from ICU was analyzed from January 2009 to December 2012.VITEK 2 Compact automatic bacteria identification instrument was used to detect bacteria identification and drug sensitive test using.Results There were Acinetobacter baumannii(208 strains,27.8％),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(108 strains,14.4％),E.coli (96 strains,12.8 ％),Staphylococcus aureus (76 strains,10.1％),Klebsiella pneumoniae(62 strains,8.3％) mainly accupied in 749 strains of pathogenic bacteria.The species was mainly from sputum specimens sources (503 strains,67.2％) ; the separation rate of Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 82.9％ (63/76) ; the separation rate of Imine resistance from South pseudomonas aeruginosa(IRPA) was 22.2％ (24/108) ; the separation rate of resistance to carbon penicillium alkene antimicrobial acinetobacter baumannii (CR-AB) was 88.0％ (183/208).The resistant rate of Acinetobacter baumannii to amikacin was from 28.6％ to 31.5％,the other 20 kinds of antimicrobial drug resistant rate was as high as 81.6％-100.0％ ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ciprofloxacin,ofloxacin,aztreonam and piperacillin/tazobactam resistant rate of 11.6％-25.0％.Conclusion Detection of pathogens in ICU,multi-drug resistance is serious,the hospital should strengthen the bacterial drug resistance monitoring,rational use of antimicrobial drugs,reduce the nosocomial infection.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the NADPH oxidase p22phox-A930G polymorphism and hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in Chinese Han population in Shanghai area.Methods The patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage and normal controls were enrolled.The polymerase chain reaction and the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) were used to detect the genotypes and alleles of NADPH oxidase p22phox-A930G.Results A total of 128 patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage and 151 healthy controls were enrolled.The levels of systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,glucose,and triacylglycerol,as well as the proportions of smoking and alcohol consumption in patients of the hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage group were significantly higher than those of the control group (all P＜ 0.05).There were significant differences in AA,AG,and GG genotypes (42.2％,44.5％,and 13.3％ vs.63.6％,27.8％,and 8.6％,x2 =12.757,P =0.002) and in A and G allele (64.5％ and 35.5％ vs.77.5％ and 22.5％ ;x2 =8.734,P=0.001) frequencies between the hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage group and the control group.Multivariatelogistic regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa) (odds ratio [OR] 13.952,95％ confidence interval [CI] 7.242-26.879; P ＜ 0.001),apolipoprotein A ≥ 0.99 mmol/L (OR 3.139,95％ CI 1.012-9.733; P =0.048),and AG +GG genotype (OR 2.333,95％ CI 1.253-4.342; P=0.008) were the independent risk factors for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.Conclusions Among the Chinese Han population in Shanghai area,the NADPH oxidase p22phox-A930G polymorphism is an independent risk factor for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.