BACKGROUND: At present, there are some researches on the cognitive identification of Chinese characters at home or abroad, however, most of them are based on the normal and healthy people.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the processing styles of optical information on phonemic code, graphic code and semantic code of Chinese haracters between hearing-disabled and normal people.DESIGN: Retrospective, observational and compared analysis based on the hearing-disabled as research subjects and the normal as the controlled group.SETTING: Department of education in a university.PARTICIPANTS: This study was completed in Xi' an between October 2001 and April 2002. With the mean age of 17 years and half in gender, 20hearing-disabled people, who were in grade 6 to grade 8, were selected from the Second School for the Deaf and Dumb in Xi' an. Inclusion criteria: The hearing loss of people was more than or equal to 92 dB. Exclusion criteria:People with acquired hearing-disabled were excluded. At the beginning of study in primary school, they were accepted oral training and taught Chinese pinyi, but gesture was the main communicated style in their daily life. With the mean age of 15 years and half in gender, 28 normal people, who were in grade 3, were selected from the No. 99 Middle School in Xi'an.METHODS: This study showed with serial opticum. The diagnostic method was compared with the cognitive identification of the three kinds of Chinese characters between the hearing-disabled and the normal respectively.phonemic code, graphic code and semantic code between hearing-disabled characters between hearing-disabled and normal people.RESULTS: The results showed that the function of graphic code in visual processing was strongly correlated with recognition of words of Chinese characters than the phoneme code and semantic code in both the hearing-disabled and hearing children. For hearing-disabled children, the alternative was the direct access that a semantic code was produced directly from a translation of the graphic code, however, the hearing children used the strategies of grapheme-phoneme conversion rules to interpret the meaning of words.CONCLUSION: The analysis of various results showe that no significant differences of mental processing are found between the hearing-disabled and hearing children. Perhaps both the direct access and the grapheme-phoneme conversion will be a comprehensive information processing activated each other.

Cytokeratin 1 4 (CK1 4)has a different degree of expression in NSCLC,breast cancer,cer-vical cancer,esophageal cancer and other tumors,except in the normal basal cells.CK1 4 is mainly expressed in the peripheral part of the tumor,which is rarely expressed in the non-aggressive part.Usually the higher malignant of the tumor has the more expression of CK1 4.Given all that,CK1 4 gene plays an important role in the tumor progression and metastasis in a variety of tumors,which can be considered as an biomarker being used in the diagnosis,treatment and prognosis evaluation.

As a special type of subarachnoid hemorrhage,the prognosis of non-aneurysmal perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (NAPSAH) is good.In recent years,with the development and popularization of neuroimaging technology,people have gradually deepened the awareness of the disease.This article reviews the progress in the diagnosis and treatment of NAPSAH.

Objective To explore the clinical features,related diseases,,etiology of inhalation pneumonia and premonition of lung infection in patients age 80 and over.Methods The 104 patients over 80 years old with pulmonary infection were analyzed retrospectively,statistical analysis of the main clinical manifestations,associated diseases and pathogens.Results Aspiration pneumonia (AP)in 77 cases (74%),Chronic respiratory disease accounted for only 26%,mostly associated with serious cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,cognitive disorder,Chronic gastrointestinal diseases(Gastritis,reflux esophagitis,gastrointestinal dysfunction,constipation),long-term bed,Can not take care of themselves.Sputum bacterial cultures isolated from 66 (63.5%)strains,Gram positive cocci were 18 strains (27.3%),Gram negative bacilli were 38 strains (57.6%),Fungal strains were 15 strains (22.7%).Conclusion In the elderly over the age of 80,pulmonary infection mostly occured by Aspiration pneumonia.We should strengthen the awareness of Aspiration pneumonia,especially accompanied by cough,chronic gastric disease.Take reasonable application of antibiotics according to the pathogen test results.

Glabridin (Glab) is an isoflavonoid originally isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Fabaceae). Glab is widely considered to be a phytoestrogen and has been associated with numerous biological properties ranging from antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-atherogenic effects, to the regulation of energy metabolism. In this paper, a review on its biological activity was reviewed.

Diabetic nephropathy is caused by manifold factors .Increasing evidences suggest that immunoregulation abnormality caused by inflammatory cell infiltration and proinflammatory factor overexpression in kidney tissue has a key role in the occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy .As a novel immunomodulator , activated vitamin D 3 could inhibit inflammatory factor and regulate immunity response .The author reviews the effect of activated vitamin D 3 related to diabetic nephropathy , from the pointviews of immu-nocyte, cytokines and rennin-angiotensin system.The roles of macrophage, T lymphocytes, dendritic cell, transforming growth factor-β1, and rennin-angiotensin system in kidney injury and immunal regulation of activated vitamin D 3 are discussed.

Objective:To detect differences in results of routine biochemical indexesand serum anticoagulant heparin, explore the feasibility of plasma heparin in the emergency biochemical test in.Methods: Two hundred cases of patients in the emergency department of our hospital as the research object, peripheral venous blood samples, were installed on the ordinary drying tube and a heparin plasma in vitro, determination of 10 emergency patients in serum and plasma biochemical items using biochemical analyzer, comparative analysis of the effect of heparin plasmabiochemical test results, and to compare the two groups report time.Results: The difference of serum group and Mg2+ group, Cl-, plasma Ca2+, Cr, BUN, UA, ALT, GLU and other data is not obvious, no statistical significance, The plasma concentration of K+ group was significantly lower than serum group, serum concentration of Na+ was higher than group difference was significant, with statistical significance(t=8.167,t=4.361;P<0.05). Plasma group reported significantly less than the serum group(t=22.94,P<0.05).Conclusion: heparin sodium does not dissolve in the blood, with a strong ability for anticoagulation, emergency biochemical test can avoid the effect of blood coagulation test results, and shorten the time for patients toreport, to win the precious time, attention is needed to correct potassium ionconcentration difference test.

ObjectivesTo study the current status of child neglect and its inlfuencing factors in children aged 3-6 years in rural Henan.MethodsScales and evaluation methods in the Chinese rural child aged 3-6 years neglected eval-uation model were applied in this study. The neglect rate and the neglect degree were used to describe the neglect status of rural children aged 3-6 years in Henan. The inlfuencing factors for child neglect were also analyzed. ResultsThe total neglect rate in 450 enrolled children was 37.1% (167/450). The total neglect degree was 51.9±6.5. The boys had signiifcant-ly higher neglect rate than girls (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in neglect degree between boys and girls (P>0.05). There were significant differences in neglect rate and neglect degree among the different age groups (P<0.05), the higher neglect rate and higher neglect degree over age. The neglect rate and neglect degree in nuclear families and fam-ilies with three generations were lower than those in single-parent families and remarried families (P<0.05). The neglect rate and neglect degree in non-only children were higher than those in only children (P<0.05). The left-behind children had signiifcantly higher neglect rate and neglect degree than children living with parents (P<0.05). Based on multivariate logis-tic regression analysis, the risk factors of child neglect were single-parent families (OR = 4.78, 95%CI : 2.10-10.87) and remarried families (OR=4.53, 95%CI : 1.99-10.01). The protective factors of child neglect were parents working on sci-ence (OR = 0.20, 95%CI : 0.10-0.67) and living with parents (OR = 0.03, 95%CI : 0.00-0.54).ConclusionsThe neglect status is serious in Henan rural children, particularly in left-behind children.

Objective To find out the influence of different suffix vowel(abbreviation:SV) on the duration of/s/(a voiceless fricative) with acoustic detection method. Methods Two men and two women who were fluent in Mandarin Chinese were recruited in this study. The words included /s/and the suffix vowel /a/,/u/or/i/.The CSL4150 software from Kay Co. was used to analyze the words. Then we compared the durations of/s/when the suffix vowel was /a/,/i/and/u/,respectively. The influence of difference suffix vowel on the duration was exam_ined, and gender effects were also studied on the duration. ResuIts As a voiceless fricative, when the suffix vowel was /a/,the duration for males was 200. 2, and 276. 8 ms for females, respectively. When the suffix vowel was /i/, the duration for males was 218. 2, and 326. 5 ms for females, respectively. When the suffix vowel was /u/,the dura_tion for males was 214. 5, and 302. 9 ms for females, respectively. ConcIusion When the suffix vowel is different, the duration of stop, resistance and in number is different, and also affected by gender.

Incidence of thrombotic disease is very high, and this disease can result in high mortality and high disability rate. Prevention and treatment of the disease mainly include:antiplatelet, anticoagulation and thrombolysis. Choice of anti?thrombotic treatment based emphasizes on individuation. As a direct inhibitor of factor Xa, Rivaroxaban exert its anticoagu?lant activity without antithrombinⅢbut is ineffective to theⅩa in prothrombin complex, which can be used as a substitute of traditional anticoagulant. In this paper, applications of Rivaroxaban on treating symptomatic venous thromboembolic dis?ease, postoperative venous thrombosis and cardiovascular thrombosis are reviewed.