Objective To evaluate the toxicity of the intra-articular injection of bevacizumab in the knee of the rabbit.Methods Thirty-two rabbits were divided into 3 experimental groups and normal control group.Three experimental groups were received intra-articular injection of bevacizumab (1, 2, 4 mg respectively) once every three weeks for two times and the normal control group was received the same amount of 0.9% sodium chloride solution.The animals were sacrificed after 6 weeks.Blood test was examined before and after treatment.Pathologic examinations of liver, kidney and artiluar tissue were taken after the sacrifice.The hematoxylin and eosin stain for synovium and cartilage were performed.The AB-PAS stain and Mankin's scale for cartilage were performed.Results All the rabbits kept normal physiological activity.There was no significant difference of major organs and articular tissue between experimental groups and normal control group.There was no significant difference for WBC, RBC, PLT, ALT, BUN and Mankin's scale among all groups.Conclusion No systemic toxicity effects were found for the intra-articular injection of bevacizumab in the knee of the rabbit.

Objective:To evaluate the effects of intraarticular injection of bevacizumab、sodium hyalu-ronate (SH)and 0.9% sodium chloride injection in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA)in a rabbit model.Methods:Twenty-four male rabbits were randomly divided into bevacizumab group,SH group and control group after the model of OA had been made.The bevacizumab group and control group received intraarticular bevacizumab (4 mg)and 0.9% saline injection respectively once per three weeks for 2 times.The SH group received intraarticular SH once a week for 6 weeks.After 6 weeks,the histological examinations of cartilage and synovium,electron microscopy and expression of vasculan endothelial growth factorl (VEGF),for the synovium,expression of MMP-1 ,Mankin’s scale,macroscopic observation for cartilage were performed.Results:The histological observation of the bevacizumab group and the SH group showed that bevacizumab could decrease the synoviocytes and inhibit fibrous hyperplasia in synovial underlayer compard with the control group.Reduced apoptosis of chondrocytes and more integrated struc-ture of matrix and more glycosaminoglycan were also found in the bevacizumab group and the SH group compared with control group.The expression of VEGF and MMP-1 ,Mankin’s scale,macroscopic obser-vation were significantly decreased in the bevacizumab group compared with the SH group and the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion:Intraarticular injection of bevacizumab and SH can relieve inflammation of OA and alleviate the pathologic process of OA.The Bevacizumab was better than the SH in therapeutic effect,which maybe implicate a better choice for the treatment of OA.

OBJECTIVE To surveillance invasive fungal infection rate in SICU,in order to direct intervention to prevent invasive fungal infection.METHODS The samples collected from SICU patients in our hospital between Jan 2003-Nov 2008 were cultured.RESULTS According to the diagnosis standard of nosocomial infections,75 case of 3699 patients were isolated fungi.During 6-years invasive fungal infection rate is 2.027%,(1.05%-2.63%).Totally 86 fungi strains were isolated,the majority of them being Candida albicans,accounting for 46.51%;Candida glabrata 22.09%;Candida tropicalis 13.95%.CONCLUSIONS During 6-years,invasive fungal infection rate and incidence density do not increase.Candida are the major pathogens of fungal infections in SICU.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of preventing islet β-cell apoptosis in NOD mice with pioglitazone.Methods Female NOD mice at 4 weeks of age were divided into pioglitazone group ( n =21,0.02％pioglitazone was added into the feed ) and control group ( n =21,fed with regular diet).The accumulative incidence of diabetes was followed-up to 52 weeks of age in each group of NOD mice.Pancreas was removed from NOD mice at 12 weeks of age in each group ( n =15 ) to score severity of insulitis by routine H-E staining.The apoptotic β-cells in islets were observed with double-labeling technique of TUNEL in situ combined with standard sensitive avidin-biotin complex (sABC) immunohistochemical method.The spleens were taken for cell culture; IL-4 and IFN-γ levels in sera and supernatants of cultured splenocyte,the activity of PPARγ and NF-κB nuclear proteins in cultured splenocyte were measured by ELISA.Results (1)At 30 and 52 weeks of age,the respective incidences of diabetes were 57.1％ and 76.2％ in pioglitazone group,and 76.2％ and 90.5％ in control group ( all P＞0.05 ).At 15 weeks of age,the incidence became 4.8％ in pioglitazone group,and 33.3 ％ in control group ( P =0.045 ).( 2 ) At 12 weeks of age,the percentages of non infiltrated islet and peri-insulitis islet in pioglitazone group were higher than those in control group ( 14.73％ vs 5.69％,P＜0.01 ; and 26.02％ vs 15.72％,P＜0.01 ),and that of intraislet insulitis was lower than that in control group ( 59.25％ vs 78.59％,P＜0.01 ).The percentage of apoptotic β-cell in pioglitazone group was lower than that in control group( 6.17％ ±3.62％ vs 10.62％ ±4.43％,P=0.008 ).(3) In sera,IFN-γ level in pioglitazone group was lower than that in control group [( 561.05±78.61 ) vs ( 666.43 ± 28.42 ) pg/ml,P =0.045].In cultured splenocyte supernatant,the level of IFN-γ in pioglitazone group was lower than that in control group[(605.84+65.60) vs (692.20+44.98) pg/ml,P=0.041].(4) In cultured splenocyte,PPARγ nuclear protein activity in pioglitazone group was higher than that in control group ( 0.06 ± 0.01 vs 0.03 ± 0.01,P =0.013 ),and NF-κB nuclear protein activity was lower than that in control group ( 0.03 ± 0.01 vs 0.08± 0.01,P =0.001 ).Conclusions Pioglitazone activates PPARγ nuclear protein,inhibits activity of NF-κB nuclear protein,downregulates IFN-γ,diminishes differeutiation of Th cells to Th1,and subsequently prevents insulitis and β-cell apoptosis in NOD mice.

Objective To investigate the mechanism of pioglitazone preventing diabetes and the role of nuclear factor of actived T cells (NFAT) on non-obese diabetic(NOD) mice .Methods (1)Female NOD mice at 4 weeks of age were randomly divided into pioglitazone group(n=21) and control group(n=21) .The accumulative diabetes incidence was followed-up to 30 weeks of age in each group of NOD mice .(2)Pancreas were removed from NOD mice at 12 weeks of age in each group(n=15) to score insulitis se-verity by routine HE staining .IL-4 ,IFN-γand peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPARγ) mRNA levels in spleens were tested by RT-PCR .IL-4 and IFN-γlevels in sera ,the activity of PPARγand NFATc1 nuclear protein in spleens were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) .Results (1) At 15 weeks of age ,the diabetes incidence was 4 .76% in pioglitazone group ,and 33 .33% in control group(P<0 .05) .At 30 weeks of age ,the diabetes incidence was 57 .14% in pioglitazone group ,and 76 .19% in control group(P>0 .05) .(2) At 12 weeks of age ,the insulitis score in pioglitazone group was lower than that in control group[(1 .79 ± 0 .75) vs .(2 .38 ± 0 .66) ,P<0 .05] .(3) IFN-γ mRNA level in pioglitazone group was lower than that in control group[(0 .16 ± 0 .07) vs .(0 .53 ± 0 .26) ,P<0 .05] ,and PPARγmRNA level in pioglitazone group was higher than that in control group(0 .91 vs .0 .25 ,P<0 .05) .(4)IFN-γ level in pioglitazone group was lower than that in control group [(561 .05 ± 78 .61)pg/mL vs .(666 .43 ± 28 .42)pg/mL ,P<0 .05] .(5)At 12 weeks of age ,the spleen PPARγnuclear protein activity in pioglitazone group was higher than that in control group [(0 .05 ± 0 .01) vs .(0 .02 ± 0 .01) ,P<0 .05)] ,and NFATc1 nuclear protein activity was low-er than that in control group[(0 .23 ± 0 .04) vs .(0 .33 ± 0 .04) ,P<0 .05] .Conclusion Pioglitazone could activate PPARγ nuclear protein ,inhibit activity of NFATc1 nuclear protein ,downregulate IFN-γ,diminish Th cells deviating to Th1 ,and sequently prevents insulitis and diabetes onset in NOD mice .

Objective To analyze the clinical efficacy and technical key points of genioplasty for the deformities of the chin.Methods 153 patients with chin deformities were treated with the genioplasty,and the chin was moved in any direction,including sagittally,vertically and transversely;the key points of this procedure were summarized.Results There was no severe complication such as infection or nonunion observed.15 patients had ecchymosis and faded in 2 weeks;33 patients had hypaesthesia and recovered in 12 weeks.With the 12-24 months follow-up,all the patients healed well with satisfactory aesthetic results.Conclusions The genioplasty is a reliable and efficient method for the deformities of the chin,and it can significantly improve the appearance of the chin.

Objective To elucidate the resistance mechanisms of clinical colistin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates in China.Methods A total of 964 K.pneumoniae and 1 389 E. coli isolates were retrospectively collected from national surveillance programs from 2011 to 2014 in China. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined by the microdilution method.The PCR amplification followed by sequencing was used to detect the mcr-1 gene and colistin-resistance genes, including mgrB, pmrB and phoQ.Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to examine the relative transcriptional levels of pmrB, pmrC, pmrD, pmrK and pmrE genes in K.pneumoniae, and pmrA, pmrB, pmrC, phoP and phoQ genes in E.coli.Conjugation experiment was used to detect the transferability of the resistance plasmid carrying the mcr-1 gene.Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 16.0) and a P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The colistin-resistant rates of K. pneumoniae and E.coli were 0.62% ( 6/964 ) and 1.66% ( 23/1 389 ) , respectively.No amino acids substitutions were identified in mgrB genes among colistin-resistant isolates.Among six colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates, five isolates were identified to have point mutations in pmrB gene, but no point substitution was detected in phoQ gene.One to four point mutations had been found in pmrB and phoQ genes in colistin-resistant E.coli isolates, respectively.The expression level of pmrB, pmrC, pmrD, pmrK and pmrE genes showed no significant difference between colistin-resistant and colistin-susceptible isolates [pmrB, (1.04 ±1.12) vs.(0.94 ±0.67), P=0.945; pmrC, (1.39 ±2.01) vs.(0.16 ±0.27), P=0.101;pmrD, (1.59 ±2.43) vs.(0.88 ±0.34),P=0.445;pmrK, (0.64 ±0.62) vs.(0.04 ±0.10), P=0.051;pmrE, (3 492 833 388.83 ±8 478 977 986.85) vs.(20 771 428.93 ±38 000 732.85), P=0.445].However, the transcriptional level of pmrB genes in colistin-resistant group was 9.5-fold higher than that of the colistin-susceptible group in E.coli isolates.Four in six colistin-resistant K.pneumoniae isolates possessed mcr-1 gene, whereas all of the colistin-resistant E. coli had the mcr-1 gene. The conjugation verified the transferability rate of the plasmid carrying mcr-1 gene was 5.78 ×10-6 , and the MIC value of colistin of the conjugant increased 21-fold than the recipient strain.Conclusions Plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene was the major reason for colistin resistance in clinical isolates of K.pneumoniae and E.coli. Some other resistance mechanisms such as transcriptional up-regulated pmrB gene also involved in colistin resistance.

OBJECTIVETo study the biomechanical properties of the new bone generated by mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO).

METHODSA total of 11 healthy adult goats were randomly divided into 2 groups, the experimental group (n=9) and the control group (n=2). For the goats in the experimental group, the bilateral mandibles were gradually lengthened for 10 mm with distraction appliances. Three goats were sacrificed respectively at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after completion of distraction. Compressive, three-point bending and shearing tests were conducted on the standard regenerated bone samples and the whole unilateral mandibular specimens. For the goats in the cont rol group, no operation was made and the whole unilateral mandible was taken as the test specimen.

RESULTSThe compressive strength and bending stiffness of the new bone reached the normal level at 4 and 8 weeks after completion of distraction, respectively. But the shearing strength remained significantly weaker than that of the controls at 8 weeks after distraction.

CONCLUSIONSThe distraction appliance can be removed and the lengthened mandible should be exposed to adaptive functional exercise at 8 weeks after completion of distraction.

Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Bone Regeneration ; physiology ; Goats ; Male ; Mandibular Advancement ; Models, Animal ; Osteogenesis, Distraction ; Probability ; Random Allocation ; Reference Values ; Tensile Strength

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ioniza-tion time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF MS) in combination with Sepsityper Kit or serum-separa-ting gel tubes for identification of pathogenic organisms positive for blood culture. Methods A total of 153 clinical specimens with a positive result in blood culture were collected and tested with MALDI-TOF MS in combination with Sepsityper Kit or serum-separating gel tubes. Test results were compared with those by using culturing. Results The 153 positive blood culture specimens included 143 of single bacterial infection and 10 of multiple bacterial infections. The consistency rates at species and genus levels were 76.2% (109/153) and 7.8% (12/153) between Vitek 2 Compact method and MALDI-TOF MS combined with Sepsityper Kit,and 75.1% (101/153) and 8.5% (13/153) between Vitek 2 Compact method and MALDI-TOF MS combined with serum-separating gel tubes. In the identification of single bacterial infection specimens, the consistency rates of MALDI-TOF MS combined with Sepsityper Kit at species and genus levels were 95.2% (79/83) and 0% (0/83) for gram-negative bacteria,57.5% (27/47) and 23.4% (11/47) for gram-pos-itive bacteria and 33.3% (3/9) and 11.1% (1/9) for Candida,the consistency rates of MALDI-TOF MS combined with serum-separating gel tubes at species and genus levels were 90.4% (75/83) and 4.8% (4/83) for gram-negative bacteria,55.3% (26/47) and 14.9% (7/47) for gram-positive bacteria and 0% (0/9) and 22.2% (2/9) for Candida. MALDI-TOF MS combined with Sepsityper Kit was only consistent with Vitek 2 Compact method in the identification of one specimen of multiple bacterial infections. Conclu-sion MALDI-TOF MS in combination with Sepsityper Kit or serum-separating gel tubes can identify the pathogens positive for blood culture within one hour and is of high consistency with culturing. In comparison with the traditional identification method for positive blood cultures, MALDI-TOF MS combined with Sepsi-typer Kit or serum-separating gel tubes has the advantages of rapidity and easy operation, which meet the clinical needs of rapid diagnosis and timely and effective antibacterial treatment,and is of great value in clin-ical application.

Objective:To investigate the influence of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in the degeneration of cochlear hair cells in the type 2diabetic mice, and to clarify its mechanism.Methods:Twenty clean Kun Ming male mice aged one month were selected and randomly divided into control group and model group (n=10) .The mice in model group were injected with STZ (40 mg·kg-1) to establish the type 2diabetic models.The fasting blood glucose levels of the mice were measured through collecting the vena caudalis blood of the mice.Auditory brain stem response (ABR) was used to detect the ABR threshold of the mice.Otoacoustic emission (OAE) test was used to detect the OAE threshold of mice.The defect rate of mouse cochlear outer hair cells was calculated by the mouse cochlear spreading technique.The expression levels of GRP78, caspase-12, p-ERK and Nrf2proteins were detected by Western blotting method.Results:Compared with control group, the fasting blood glucose levels of the mice in model group at the 7th and the 14th days had no significant differences (P＞0.05) , but the levels were increased significantly at the 21th, 28th and 35th days and the level reached the highest value at the 35th day.The ABR thresholds of the mice in model group at 8, 12, and 24kHZ were increased significantly compared with control group (P＜0.05) .Under the stimulation of low frequency, there was no significant change in the OAE threshold of the mice in model grouop compared with control group.The OAE thresholds of the mice in model group were increased significantly under the medium frequency and high frequency stimulation compared with control group (P＜0.05) .The defects of the cochlear hair cells were mainly concentrated on the bottom of gyrus of the mice, and the defects in middle temporal gyrus and parietal gyrus were less.Compared with control group, the defect rate in the bottom of gyrus of the mice in model group was increased significantly (P＜0.05) ;the defect rates in the middle temporal gyrus and parietal gyrus were increased, but there was no significant difference (P＞0.05) .The expression levels of p-ERK and Nrf2in the cochlear hair cells of the mice in model group were lower than those in control group (P＜0.05) , and the expression levels of GRP78and caspase-12were higher than those in control group (P＜0.05) .Conclusion:ERS can result in the increase of defect rate of cochlear outer hair cells and ABR brainstem hearing threshold of the diabetic mice and decrease the expression levels of p-ERK and Nrf2proteins, suggesting that ERS can promote the degenerative lesions of cochlear hair cells in the type 2diabetic mice.