Objective: Based on Newell s Model of Constraints, the present study aims to explore the effects of sports environment design on children s fundamental movement skills, and to provide certain theoretical and practical guidance for promoting children s movement development and carrying out sports activities. Methods: From March to June 2022, using the method of cluster sampling, 153 typical developmental children from a private kindergarten in Xi an were selected, and were randomly assigned to the regular activity group, sports division A group, and sports division B group for a period of 12 weeks (twice a week, 1 hour each time) experimental intervention. Among them, the regular activity group engaged in regular physical activities according to the kindergarten plan; the sports division A group participated in daily physical activities after the sports division; and the sports division B group engaged in structured and autonomous physical activities after the sports division. Motorische Basiskompetenzen in Kindergarten (MOBAK-KG) scale was used to assess the level of fundamental movement skills. Chi square test, one way analysis of variance and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to test the effects of sports environment design on children s fundamental movement skills. Results: After the experiment, children s manipulative skills，mobility skills, and fundamental movement skills improved significantly ( P ＜0.01); group and test time had a significant interaction on children s fundamental movement skills [ F (2,150) =113.07, P ＜0.01, η 2=0.60]，the posttest score of fundamental movement skills of children in group B of sports division (12.08±1.82) was significantly higher than that of group A of sports division (10.71±2.56), regular activity group (8.57±4.16). Conclusion The sports environment design under the constraint model perspective can effectively promote the development of children s fundamental movement skills. Kindergartens, families and communities should coordinate to promote the development of children s fundamental movement skills.

Neural oscillatory phenomenon generally exists in the nervous system through a dynamic form. It plays a very important role in the brain, especially in the higher cognitive activities, such as information processing, transfer and integration, consolidating memory and so on. Furthermore, the specific activity pattern of neural oscillations is often associated with cognitive functions and their alterations. Accordingly, how to quantitatively analyze the pattern of neural oscillations becomes one of the fundamental issues in the computational neuroscience. In this review, we addressed a variety of analytic algorithms, which are commonly employed in our recent studies to investigate the issues of neurobiology and cognitive science. In addition, we tried to classify these analytic algorithms by distinguishing their different metrics, synchronization and coupling modes. Finally, multidimensional analytic algorithms for potential application have also been discussed.
Brain ; physiology ; Cognition ; Humans ; Memory ; Nerve Net ; physiology

Objective To systematically analyze the effect of rhythmic physical activity on executive function and sub-components in healthy preschool children. Methods Literature in Chinese and English was retrieved from databases such as CNKI,Wanfang Data,EBSCO,PubMed,Google Scholar and Web of Science for researches about the intervention of rhythmic physical activity for executive function of healthy children aged three to six years,up to October,2024.The methodological quali-ty of the researches was evaluated with PEDro Scale,and data were extracted for a systematic review. Results Ten researches,published between 2019 and 2024,from seven countries,were included;and seven were random-ized controlled trials and three were quasi experiment,involving a total of 1 047 children.The scores of the PE-Dro scale ranged five to eight.The rhythmic physical activity intervention was 20 to 50 minutes a time,one to five times a week,for six to 20 weeks.The forms of rhythmic physical activity intervention included sports activi-ties(street dance,flower ball cheerleading,walking,running,jumping and other motor skill exercises),music teaching activities(music perception,rhythm synchronization and music games),dance activities(creative dance,action imitation and role playing)and music performance activities(body percussion,rhythm sticks,sand balls and drums).Rhythmic physical activity was effective on at least one sub-component of executive function.How-ever,five of the seven researches involving cognitive flexibility failed to demonstrate a positive effect.Six re-searches compared the effects of rhythmic physical activity versus other physical activities,and five found that rhythmic physical activity was more effective on executive function. Conclusion Rhythmic physical activity can improve inhibitory control and working memory in preschool children;but the effect on cognitive flexibility remain controversial.