Bile acid can not only emulsify fat and facilitate the absorption of fat soluble substances,but also it is an important signaling molecules that plays an important physiological role by activating specific bile acid receptors.Takeda G proteincoupled receptor 5 (TGRS) is a membrane receptor of the bile acid,it can activate G-protein effectors and promote the expression of the second messenger and activate a variety of signal transduction pathways to exert physiological functions.The obstructive jaundice bile acid can cause a series of pathophysiological reactions through activating TGR5,which plays a significant role in the obstructive jaundice.In this article,the latest researches about the function and molecular mechanism of TGR5 in obstructive jaundice were reviewed in order to provide a new idea for exploring the new method and strategy to cure the disease.

BACKGROUND:Clinical treatment of epicondyle fractures and intercondylar comminuted fractures is quite tricky due to instability and spread to the articular surface. Common complications contained bone delayed union, nonunion, broken nails and broken boards. Internal fixation for fractures is various, but reasonable choice for clinical fixation plays a decisive role for repair of fractures.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the repair effects of various fixation methods on femoral condyle fracture from different aspects such as fracture type, bone healing, functional recovery and biomechanics.
METHODS:First author searched PubMed database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure for articles about various fixation methods in repair of femoral condyle fracture published from January 2000 to April 2014. Key words were“femoral condyle fracture, internal fixation, biomechanics, load-displacement, axial stiffness, horizontal shear stiffness”. Total y 142 articles were retrieved, but 39 articles met the inclusion criteria.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Femoral condyle fracture caused the damage to normal anatomic structure of knee join, changed normal anatomical axis and the mechanical axis of knee joint. Therefore, anatomic reduction and rigid internal fixation are necessary. During treatment, the advantages and disadvantages of various fixation methods should be known. It is necessary to ful y evaluate the type of intercondylar fractures of the femoral condyle and soft tissue injury. According to biological characteristics of the human body and mechanical property, internal fixation device should be reasonably used. Individual treatment programs should be provided. Thus, the occurrence of postoperative complications should be reduced utmostly, resulting in a satisfactory repair outcome.

In order to illustrate the effects of furfural, one of the most common inhibitory compounds in lignocellulosic hydrolysate, on oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of furfural (0.1, 0.4, 0.6 and 1.5 g/L) on the biomass and lipid production of R. glutinis, as well as the effects of 1.0 g/L furfural on the utilization of glucose and xylose. Results showed that: when the furfural concentration reached 1.5 g/L, the lag phrase time was extended to 96 h, and the residual glucose was up to 17.7 g/L, with maximum biomass of only 6.6 g/L, which accounted for 47% of that in the basic medium (furfural-free), and the corresponding lipid content was reduced about 50%. Furfural showed lighter inhibitory degree on R. glutinis when xylose acted as the carbon source than glucose was the carbon source; more C18 fatty acids or unsaturated C18 fatty acids were generated in the presence of furfural.
Biomass ; Carbon ; Culture Media ; Fatty Acids ; biosynthesis ; Furaldehyde ; chemistry ; Glucose ; Industrial Microbiology ; Rhodotorula ; growth & development ; metabolism ; Xylose

Anesthesia ; methods ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Foreign Bodies ; surgery ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Muscle Relaxants, Central ; therapeutic use ; Respiratory System

Objective To investigate the value of vessel size index(VSI) in grading oligodendroglioma by vessel size imaging technique. Methods Twenty-four histologically confirmed oligodendroglioma cases were enrolled (13 gradeⅡand 11 gradeⅢ) . All patients underwent conventional MRI scanning, followed by multi gradient-echo spin-echo sequence from dynamic susceptibility contrast perfusion to generate VSI maps. Region of interests were contoured on VSI color maps to obtain hot-spot value of mean VSI of microvasculature (VSImean) and maximum VSI of microvasculature (VSImax). Paraffin sections of each case was stained with CD34 to acquire microvascular caliber (VShis). Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between VSImean, VSImax and VShis respectively. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare VSImean, VSImax and VShis between grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ oligodendrogliomas. ROC analysis was performed to assess the effectiveness of VSImean, VSImax and VShis in grading oligodendrogliomas. Results Both VSImean and VSImax were strongly correlated with VShis (r=0.738, 0.705,P<0.05). For gradeⅡand Ⅲ oligodendrogliomas, VSImean were 38.93(17.96 to 81.18)μm and 91.49(36.94 to 144.68)μm, VSImax were 45.12(22.30 to 89.65)μm and 121.19(57.29 to 164.00)μm, VShis were 8.51(5.25 to 12.76)μm and 11.03(7.59 to 21.96)μm respectively. VSImean, VSImax, and VShis showed significant difference (Z=-3.505,-3.911, -2.729,P<0.05) between grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ oligodendrogliomas. ROC analysis revealed that the optimal cutoff value, sensitivity, specificity and AUC of VSImean was 52.58 μm, 90.91%, 92.31%, 0.923 respectively, 81.18μm, 90.91%, 100.00%, 0.972 for VSImax, and 9.01μm, 90.00%, 84.62%, 0.838 for VShis respectively. Conclusions Vessel size imaging derived VSI correlated well with histopathology. It could provide valuable information in the pre-operative grading of oligodendroglioma.

A microscopic fluorescence spectrometric analysis ( MFSA) system was set in the laboratory. A novel method for in situ determination of Anthracene ( Ant) adsorbed onto root surface micro-zone of two kinks of mangrove plant, named Kandelia obovata ( K. obovata) and Avicennia marina ( A. marina) by MFSA was established. Fluorescence spectra of Ant adsorbed on root surface micro-zone were obtained by synchronous scanning mode. The signal to noise (S/N) of Ant (5. 3 pg/μm2) adsorbed on K. obovata and A. marina root surface micro-zone increased up to 5. 5 and 6. 8 while wavelength offset (△λ) both were at 60 nm, respectively. The linear dynamic ranges of established method were 5. 3-63. 2 pg/μm2 for K. obovata and 10. 5-52. 6 pg/μm2 for A. marina, with the detection limits of 1. 1 pg/μm2 and 5. 5 pg/μm2 , respectively. The relative standard deviations were both less than 12 . 5% ( n=9 ) , and the recoveries were 98 . 1% -117. 0% and 81. 2%-110. 9%, respectively. The result showed that the MFSA system had ability to obtain quantitative information of fluorescence spectra and fluorescence image of Ant adsorbed onto plant roots surface micro-zone.

Estimation of postmortem interval(PMI) by ocular tissues has been a new top subject in the forensic research and practice ifelds. A lot of research results showed that the changes of cornea, retina, vitreous humor and aqueous humor and so on exist a high linear correlation with PMI, which can be used to estimate PMI. This paper reviewed recent progress of study on them.

Objective To study the application of hepatamethine cyanine near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) dye IR-783 in the mouse models of human liver cancer exenografts, and to analyze the molecular mechanisms of the NIRF dye targeting tumor cells.Methods Luciferase-tagged HepG2 cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the nude mice.We detected the correlation of NIRF intensity and bioluminescence intensity (BIL) in the tumor region.Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model was established in mouse by subrenal capsular implantation of clinic liver cancer specimen.After injecting the IR-783 dye, the interface between mouse kidney and the xenograft tumors was confirmed by NIRF analysis, and the tumor tissue in kidney was observed by pathology using H&E staining.The expression of CEA, AFP, HIF1α and OATP3A1 in the liver cancer tissue was detected by immunohistochemical staining.The intracellular retention of NIRF dyes was observed under fluorescence microscope after adding Mito Tracker or Lyso Tracker into cultured HepG2 cells.We added IR-783 in a co-culture system of HCCs and normal liver cells to test the specifical identification ability of IR-783 of the liver cancer cells.Results There was a good correlation between NIRF intensity and BIL intensity of the subcutaneous liver cancer xenograft region in nude mice.The margin between the mouse kidney tissue and xenograft tumors was clearly identified by IR-783.Compared with normal kidney tissue, CEA, HIF1α, OATP3A1 and AFP were highly expressed in the tumor region detected by IHC staining.The NIRF dye IR-783 was mainly accumulated in the mitochondria and lysosomes of cancer cells.GFP-tagged HepG2 cells could be recognized directly, whereas red fluorescence was not detected in normal liver cells.Conclusions IR-783 is a novel near-infrared fluorescent dye with tumor targeting and imaging properties.Its targeting ability may be related to the high expression of HIF1α and OATP3A1 in the liver cancer tissue.

Objective To identify the possible existing suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides(ODNs)in the DNA sequence which encodes Schistosoma japonicum 22.6 kDa(Sj22.6)antigen.Methods Several ODNs within the DNA sequence encoding Sj22.6 antigen were synthesized.Splenocytes separated from mice were stimulated with optimal immunostimulatory CpG 1826 in the absence or presence of different synthetical ODNs.The suppressive efficacy of each ODN was examined by 3H-TdR incorporation.Results ODN F311 suppressed the proliferation of splenocytes caused by CpG 1826 stimulation.The significant suppression was observed when ODN F311∶CpG 1826 at a ratio of 1∶1 and 3∶1,the suppression reached 11% and 58% respectively.The maximal inhibition was observed when ODN F311 was pre-administered with CpG ODN for 2 h.Conclusions Certain suppressive ODN exists in the DNA sequence encoding Sj22.6 antigen,and this effect shows dose-and time-dependent manner.

Objective:To investigate the roles of S100B protein and anti-brain antibody (ABAb) in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by analyzing the changes of the serum levels of S100B and ABAb and the relationships of the measures with cognition deficits in patients with AD.Methods:In this study,32 patients with AD(AD group) and 40 age-matched volunteers without cognitive impairment(control group) were enrolled.The diagnosis was made according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition (DSM-Ⅳ).The mental and social functional conditions were assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Activity of Daily Living Scale(ADL),the cognitive function of patients was evaluated with the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale(ADAS-Cog).The serum S100B proteinand ABAb levels were examined by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay(ELISA).Results:The serum S100B protein[(0.66 ± 0.17) μg/L vs.(0.30 ± 0.04)μg/L] and ABAb [(1.93 ± 0.95) U/L vs.(1.31 ± 0.25) U/L] levels were higher in AD patients than in the controls (Ps ＜ 0.01).In AD patients,the serum S 100B protein markedly negatively correlated with the scores of the MMSE(r =-0.66),while positively correlated with ADL and ADAS-Cog(r =0.57,r =0.53)(Ps ＜ 0.005).ABAb levels negatively correlated with the scores of the MMSE(r =-0.57),while positively correlated with ADL and ADAS-Cog(r =0.52,r =0.34)(Ps ＜0.05).The serum S100B protein levels were positively related to ABAb levels in AD group(r =0.51.P ＜0.005),but not in control group(r =0.076,P =0.654).Conclusions:It suggests that the serum levels of S100B protein and ABAb are related with cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease,and S100B protein and ABAb might play key roles in mechanism of Alzheimer's disease.