OBJECTIVE:To understand the availability and affordability of essential medicines in Nanjing after implementing national essential medicine system,and to provide evidence for formulating and completing related policy. METHODS:With inves-tigation subjects of 6 classes of diseases with high incidence,WHO/HAI standard survey method was adopted to select 24 essential medicines and investigate and evaluate the availability and affordability of them in governmental health institutions and social retail pharmacies in Nanjing. RESULTS:Availability of essential medicines in community health service centers in Nanjing was lower than governmental hospitals and social retail pharmacies,and availability of lowest price generic drugs (LPGs) was much higher than original brand drugs (OBs);affordability was totally good,however,there were large gap in the affordability between OBs and LPGs,the affordability of OBs was relatively poor. CONCLUSIONS:The national essential medicine system has made some progress in Nanjing,but worse than expected. It is suggested to update and adjust the essential medicine list based on the clinical medication requirement,guarantee the equipment of essential medicines in medical and health institutions,popularize the knowl-edge about essential medicines,properly adjust the price of original brand drugs and ease the treatment burden.

Objective To investigate the early influences of laser photocoagulation on retinal function in diabetic retinopathy(DR). Methods The multifocal electroretinograms (MERG) of 30 eyes with DR (phase Ⅲ～Ⅳ) were tested with visual evoked response image system IV before,and the 3 rd day and the 7 th day after laser photocoagulation. Results Three days after photocoagulation, the latency of N1 prolonged in the central macula 5? area and superionasal quadrant.The response densities of N1,P1 and N2 markedly reduced, and most significant changes occurred in the central macula 5? area and then in the central 10?area. There were also differences in the changes of the amplitude of N1 and P1 in different quadrants .The changes of visual acuity were positively related to the decrease of amplitudes of N1,P1 and N2 in the macula. Conclusion The reduction of response densities in MERG reveals functional damage in diabetic retina occurring early after photocoagulation.The functional damage in macula induced indirectly by photocoagulation may explain the reduction of visual acuity after panretinal photocoagulation in some degree.

Objective To investigate the early effects of intervention with tanakan on retinal function in diabetic retinopathy(DR) after laser photocoagulation. Methods Prospective random controlled study was performed on 60 Patients (60 eyes) from 23 to 69 years old with DR(phase Ⅲ～Ⅳ). The multifocal electroretinograms (MERG) were tested with VERIS Ⅳ before , the 3rd day and the 7th day after photocoagulation. Results No significant differences were found in the latencies and response densities of N1,P1 and N2 between the two groups before photocoagulation. Compared with that before photocoagulation, three days after photocoagulation the latencies in tanakan group had no significant change. The response densities of N1,P1 and N2 reduced and the changes were much smaller than that in control. Three days after photocoagulation ,the response densities of P1 and N2 in the central macula 5? area were much higher and the latencies of P1 and N2 were significantly shorter than that in control group. There were no significant differences in the response densities in the 7th day and the differences in the latencies between two groups still existed. Conclusion Tanakan may be effective in preventing the retina from damage of retinal photocoagulation in some degree in DR.

Objective To investigate the methylation status of the promoter of RASSF2A gene in the tissues of cervical cancer and its impacts in tumorigenesis.Methods Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and RT-PCR techniques were applied to detect methylation status of RASSF2A gene promoter region and RASSF2A expression in tissues of 62 cervical cancer and 30 normal cervical specimens,respectively.Results Methylation frequency of RASSF2A gene in cancer tissue was higher than that in normal tissue (53.2 ％ vs 13.3 ％,P ＜ 0.05).The mRNA expression of RASSF2A in cancer tissue were less than those in normal tissue significantly (0.254 3 ±0.102 7 vs 0.623 4 ± 0.063 8,t =0.932,P ＜ 0.05).The mRNA expressed of RASSF2A gene was lower in methylated promoter group than that in unmethylated promoter group in cancer tissue samples significantly (0.118 2 ± 0.035 2 vs 0.301 2 ± 0.076 4,t =0.481,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Hypermethylation of RASSF2A gene in promoter region,which lead to the loss of RASSF2A gene expression,might play an important role in tumorigenesis of cervical cancer.

To understand the status of testing skills and quality management in drug testing laboratories. Methods:The items, pass rate and type of participating laboratories of measurement audit were analyzed during 2011-2014. Results:The number of application items was increased year by year, more than half of which focused on the content determination, and the overall pass rate was over 80%. Conclusion:The measurement audit is important for laboratories, which should be further strengthened and standard-ized.

China ; Curriculum ; Education, Dental ; Oral Medicine ; education

Objective To detect the relationship between CAG repeat in IT15 gene and clinical manifestations of Huntington's disease (HD).Methods Non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electro- phoresis method was used to detect CAG repeat.Clinical manifestations were scored by UHDRS and MMSE. Results Genotypes of IT15 were heterozygous in all 29 HD patients.CAG repeat in the HD chromosome, being 42—62,13—28 in normal chromosome,was inversely correlated with age of onset (r=-0.539,P

Objective:To evaluate the security, efficacy and side effects of E_2 transdermal patch (Fem-7) in the treatment of menopausal syndrome. Methods:A total of 60 cases with menopausal syndrome (blood serum FSH >30 U/L,E_2 <109.8 pmol/L) were randomly divided into treatment group ( Fem-7 group) and control group (estrodiol valerate (E_2V) group) for 12 weeks treatment. Fem-7 group changed patch every 7 days and took the 2 mg medroxyprogesterone (MPA) every day. While the E_2V group took the 2 mg MPA and 1.5 mg E_2 V every day. Serum E_2, FSH, lipoprotein and coagulation function were evaluated at baseline and at the 12th week of the treatment. In addition, menopausal symptoms and some other index of security and side effects were also observed. Results:Kupperman indix in both groups was decreased and the mean value of E_2 was increased obviously. Hepatic function, renal function, coagulation function and blood glucose were no obvious change. Lipoproteina was descended markedly in Fem-7 group. Other index of security in both groups was no obvious change. Conclusions:Fem-7 patch is secure and valid for relieving symptom of menopause, especially for the women who is not sutable for oral medication.

Three widely used methods of sediment toxicity evaluation were introduced in the present paper, including organism toxicity tests, toxicity identification evaluation(TIE) and sediment quality guidelines(SQGs). Compared with the chemical analysis, toxicity tests have an advantage of taking the bioavailability of POPs into account, however, it fails to identify the causative toxicants. TIE, integrating with physicochemical analysis, implicates the specific pollutants in a tiered approach, and by which effective remediation can be designed accordingly. The sediment toxicity can be identified more quickly and appropriately by SQGs than by the former two methods. The differences among the different SQGs constituted by different standards may affect their values for toxicity evaluation. Extensive and reliable SQGs had been acquired to improve their utility. Finally, the combination of chemical analysis, toxicity tests and in situ bioassays will be the trend of sediment toxicity evaluation in the future.

Purpose To investigate the effects of intervention with Tanakan on anterior ocular segment in diabetic retinopathy (DR) after retinal photocoagulation. Methods Prospective random controlled study was performed on 72 patients (72 eyes) with ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM),by obtaining and quantitatively analyzing the changes of anterior ocular segment including anterior chamber, anterior chamber angle, ciliary body and choroids before and the 3rd day and the 7th day after retinal photocoagulation. Results Three days after photocoagulation, significant elevated IOP and narrowed chamber angle were observed in control group and 4 eyes (11.11%) in Tanakan group (P