The datas of epidemiological, clinical, and immunopathology demonstrate there is an important link between upper and lower airways. The upper airways diseases including the allergy rhinitis, the professional rhinitis, the sleep apnea and hypoventilation syndrome, nose polyposis (with/without aspirin sensitive), the chronic rhinosinusitis and so on, have an important contacting with lower airways diseases. Understanding how the upper airway does affect the lower airway disease, has the influential role to diagnosis, the treatment and the prognosis. This article made the brief summary on the important relation about among the nose, the paranasal sinus and the lung recent years.
Asthma ; complications ; Humans ; Lung Diseases, Obstructive ; complications ; Rhinitis ; complications ; Sinusitis ; complications

Objective To compare the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside-Rh_2,elemene and adriamycin(AMD) on glioma cells cultivated in vitro.Methods MTT was used to detect the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside-Rh_2,elemene and AMD on glioma cell lines(C6,SHg-44,U251).The survival rate-time curves were established.The abilities of three drugs to induce apoptosis of three cells lines were determined by flow cytometry.(Results The) inhibitory effects of the three drugs on the growth of C6,SHg-44 and U-251 were dose-dependent and could be enhanced with dose increasing.The inhibitory effects of Rh_2 was stronger than that of AMD and elemene on three glioma cell lines.The inhibitory concentration of Rh_2 on three cell lines was significantly lower than that of AMD and elemene(P

Objective To compare the effect of different urethrovesical anastomosis methods on postoperative anastomotic complication in laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP). Methods The clinical method of 121 patients with localized prostate cancer who underwent LRP from June 2012 to June 2015 was retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to different urethrovesical anastomosis methods: interrupted suture group with 36 patients and continuous suture group with 85 patients. The operation time, postoperative anastomosis leakage, anastomosis stenosis and urinary control status 1, 3 and 6 month after operation were compared between two groups. Results All the operations were completed successfully without converting to open approach. The operating time of continuous suture group and interrupted suture group was (20.35 ± 3.10)min and (34.02 ± 3.94) min, the rate of postoperative anastomosis leakage was 3.53%(3/85) and 16.67%(6/36), the rate of anastomosis stenosis was 2.35%(2/85) and 13.89%(5/36), the rate of urinary incontinence after operation for 1 month was 15.29%(13/85) and 33.33%(12/36), for 3 months was 7.06%(6/85) and 25.00%(9/36), for 6 months was 2.35% (2/85) and 13.89% (5/36), there were significant differences (P<0.05). Conclusions Continuous suture can shorten operation time, decrease the risk of anastomotic leakage, anastomosis stenosis and urinary incontinence.

50?10~9/L in MP group was 1,10,19,19 and in control group was 0,0,2,2,respectively.The ratio of the total effi- ciency was 93.7% in the treatment group and 80.6% in control group,respectively.The clinical efficacy was dif- ferent significant between groups after 2 weeks(P0.05).Conclusion High dose MP is more effective in the patients and with obvious hemorrhagic tendency than that those of the tradition- al treatment;whereas the traditional treatment is available for other severe ITP patients.

Objective To study the efficacy and security of solifenacin in prevention of cystospasm after radical prostatectomy. Methods The clinical data of 93 localized prostate cancer patients who had underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into solifenacin group (52 cases) and control group (41 cases) based on the condition of taking solifenacin after operation. The day and night frequency and duration of cystospasm from the first day to the third day after operation, incidence of urine extravasation, duration of bloody urine, time of pelvic cavity drainage and ureter retention, untoward reaction (dry mouth, headache and abdominal distention) was compared between two groups. Results The day and night frequency and duration of cystospasm at second day and third day after operation in solifenacin group were significantly lower than those in control group. Day frequency of cystospasm: (1.54 ± 0.42) times vs. (3.35 ± 0.43) times and (1.38 ± 0.58) times vs. (2.86 ± 0.66) times, night frequency of cystospasm:(1.66 ± 0.63) times vs. (3.58 ± 0.72) times and (1.47 ± 0.33) times vs. (3.27 ± 0.68) times, duration of cystospasm:(0.18 ± 0.11) h vs. (0.33 ± 0.18) h and (0.21 ± 0.09) h vs. (0.29 ± 0.21) h, and the incidence of urine extravasation at the third day after operation in solifenacin group was significantly lower than that in control group: 1.92% (1/52) vs. 17.07% (7/41), and there were statistical differences (P<0.05). The duration of bloody urine, time of pelvic cavity drainage and ureter retention after operation in solifenacin group were significantly shorter than those in control group:(30.2 ± 5.6) h vs. (48.3 ± 4.7) h, (50.6 ± 5.9) h vs. (70.3 ± 6.2) h and (7.6 ± 1.4) d vs. (10.4 ± 0.9) d, and there were statistical differences (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in untoward reaction between 2 groups (P>0.05). Conclusions Solifenacin can reduce the frequency of cystospasm and shorten the duration of cystospasm effectively after radical prostatectomy. It has a positive effect on reducing the incidence of urinary extravasation and shorting the extubation time. It is helpful to improve the quality of life and the recovery of the patients.

Objective To investigate the expression of LOXL2 protein (lysyl oxidase like-2 protein) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related markers in cholangiocarcinoma tissues and its relation with the malignant features. Methods The expression of LOXL2、E-cadherin and Vimentin protein in 48 cases of cholangiocarcinoma tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry and compared with the clinicopathological data of cholangiocarcinoma. Results The positive expression rate in cholangiocarcinoma was 71% ( 34/48 ) for LOXL2 and 46% ( 22/48 ) for Vimentin, the absent expression rate was 52% (25/48) for E-cadherin. The positive expression rate of LOXL2 was significantly associated with the absent expression of epithelium markers E-cadherin ( r = 0. 394, P < 0. 05 ) and the positive expression of fibroblast markers Vimentin ( r = 0. 406, P < 0. 05 ). There was no correlation between the expression of LOXL2 and patients gender, age, and cancer differentiation, but a significant correlation with tumor metastasis was found ( P < 0. 05 ). Conclusions LOXL2 protein overexpression in cholangiocarcinoma may accelerate invasion of cholangiocarcinoma through induced EMT.

Objective To investigate the correlation of the expression of KAI1/CD82 and laminin receptor (LNR) in cholangiocarcinoma, and study its role in the invasion and metastasis of cholangiocarcinoma. Methods The expressions of KAI1/CD82 and LNR in 48 cholangiocarcinoma tissue samples were detected by SP immunohistochemistry, and their relationships with clinicopathological factors were analyzed. Results The positive expression rates of KAI1/CD82 and LNR in cholangiocarcinoma were 31% (15/48) and 54% (26/48), respectively. In highly differentiated cholangiocarcinoma, the positive expression rate of KAI1/CD82 was high (χ2=3.911, P<0.05), while that of the LNR was low (χ2=6.970, P<0.05). The positive expression rate of KAI1/CD82 in cholangiocarcinoma with metastasis was significantly lower than that in cholangiocarcinoma without metastasis (χ2=5.765, P<0.05), while the positive expression rate of LNR in cholangiocarcinoma with metastasis was significantly higher than that in cholangiocarcinoma without metastasis (χ2= 9.952, P<0.05). The expression level of KAI1/CD82 was negatively correlated with that of the LNR ( r = -0.462, P < 0.01 ). Conclusions The up-regulated expression of LNR in cholangiocarcinoma correlates with the decreased expression of KAI1/CD82, and plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of cholangio-carcinoma.

Objective To explore the surgical management of chronic pancreatitis complicated with pancreatolithiasis (CPPL). Methods The clinical data of 66 patients with CPPL were retrospectively analyzed. Pancreatolithiasis was classified into 4 types according to the location of stones: stones located in the head of the pancreas (type Ⅰ, n=28), stones located in the body of the pancreas (type Ⅱ, n=30), stones located in the tail of the pancreas (type Ⅲ, n=1) and stones located from the head to tail of the main duct of pancreas (type Ⅳ, n=7). Ten patients (including 4 with type Ⅰpancreatolithiasis, 5 with type Ⅱ and 1 with type Ⅳ) received conservative treatment; 10 patients with type Ⅰ pancreatolithiasis underwent lithotomy under endoscope; pancreaticoduodenectomy and Beger procedure were carried out on 14 patients with type Ⅰ pancreatolithiasis, pancreatolithotomy+pancreaticojejunostomy on 25 patients with type Ⅱ pancreatolithiasis, resection of pancreatic tail and spleen on 1 patient with type Ⅲ pancreatolithiasis, and Puestow-Gillesby procedure, dividing of the neck of pancreas+removing stones from both ends of pancreatic duct+Roux-en-Y pancreatojejunostomy on 6 patients with type Ⅳ pancreatolithiasis. Results Sixty-two patients were followed up for 2 months to 15 years, and the number of patients with recurrence for type Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ pancreatolithiasis was 4, 2, 0 and 3, respectively. Conclusions Early surgical management according to the location of stones should be carried out after confirmed diagnosis of CPPL. Individualized management based on correct diagnosis and classification plays an important role in the prevention of pancreatolithiasis recurrence.

Objective To investigate the biocompatibility and safety of nanoscale brain-targeting-carrier micelles [poly (ethylene)-b-poly (lactic acid)/OX26 conjugate micells (copolymer/OX26)],and to explore its possibility as brain-targeted-drug carrier for brain glioma.Methods The C6 glioma cells were cultured in vitro and divided into experimental groups with different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80 mg · L-1 )of nano micelle, and the medium without micelle was used as control group.The inhibitory effect of nano-micelles on the rat brain glioma C6 cells was examined by Trypan blue cell counting assay.Flow cytometry (FCM)was used to detect the changes of apoptosis and cell cycle of C6 cells,and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM)was performed to analyze the distribution of copolymer/OX26 into C6 cells. Results The results of Trypan blue cell counting assay showed copolymer/OX26 didn’t affect the growth of C6 cells,and there were no significant differences in the number of C6 cells between control group and expreimental groups (P >0.05).The results of FCM showed that the cell cycle and and the apoptotic rates of C6 cells had no changes compared with control group (P > 0.05).The results of CLSM showed that the fluorescence intensities in experimental groups were higher than those in blank micelles group and blank control group (P < 0.05 ), and they were increased in dose- and time-dependent manner (P <0.05).Conclusion Copolymer/OX26 has no effect on the growth and apoptosis of glioma cells.By bonding OX26,copolymer/OX26 can significantly increase the intake of C6 cells on the nano micelles.

Objective To analyze the mortality in people aged 70 years and over who had undergone aortic valve replacement (AVR) for aortic stenosis.Methods The clinical data of 246consecutive cases aged 70 years and over,who had received AVR,were retrospectively analyzed.The 144 cases (58.5 % ) had hypertension,42 cases ( 17.1 %) had atrial fibrillation,27 cases ( 11.0 % )were obeses,and 18 cases (7.3%) had undergone previous heart surgery.Results The 29 cases (11.8%) were dead within 30 days after operation.Among them,15 cases (8.8%) were with isolated AVR and the other 14 cases (18.7%) were with an associate procedure,the difference was significant (P ＜ 0.05).The rate of postoperative complication was 24 .4%.The commoncomplications were:48 cases (19.5%) with low cardiac output,24 cases (9.8%) with renal dysfunction,52 cases (21.1% ) with prolonged ventilatory support and 12 cases (4.9%) with sepsis.In the Poisson regression analysis,the main predictors of mortality were low cardiac output,renal failure,sepsis and associate procedure.The main predictors of morbidity were CBP time ＞ 120 min,atrial fibrillation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Conclusions The balance between the benefits and risks of the surgery should be well evaluated before deciding to perform AVR.