The content of bicarbonate ( HCO-3 ) and carbonate ( CO2-3 ) ions in groundwater and lake water reflects a broad set of carbon cycling reactions associated with decomposition or synthesis of organic compounds with mineral dissolution or precipitation, which indicates the local geochemical environment. However, the content of HCO-3 and CO2-3 changes easily under the influence of pH, temperature, atmosphere pressure in the process of sampling, transportation and storage, so it has been a worldwide problem to determine the real content of HCO-3 and CO2-3 ions in groundwater and lake water. This article proposed a new way to solve the problem by fast field detection of HCO-3 and CO2-3 ions through the use of pH electrode combined with carbon dioxide electrode. Studies showed in the base solution of pH=4. 8 ± 0. 1, the detection range of HCO-3 ion was 0. 027-570 mg/L and that of CO2-3 was 1. 25 ×10-8-39. 7 mg/L. In the most case, the coexisting ions and weak acid ( K+, Na+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO2-4 <100 mg/L;HSO-3 , NO-2 , HOAc<50 mg/L) did not interfere with the analysis. The method was validated for real water samples and the recoveries were in the range of 95. 2%-99. 2% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 2. 6%-3. 7%. Compared with the acid-base titration method, the accuracy of this method had proved to be good. However, the method could be affected by temperature, so the standard solution and samples should be measured at the same temperature. Above all, this method is suitable for fast field analysis for HCO-3 and CO2-3 ions in the nature water as it is sensitive, fast, economical, and the electrodes are easy to carry and operate. It has been successfully applied in the determination of HCO-3 and CO2-3 in groundwater and lake water in Qinghai Province. Experiment showed that the pH of the groundwater samples from Haidong district was 6 . 4-7 . 4 , with 234-4096 mg/L HCO-3 and 0. 16-1. 89 mg/L CO2-3 . The pH of the lake water samples was about 8. 7, with 1. 36-1. 86 g/L HCO-3 and 32. 3-43. 9 mg/L CO2-3 , which was consistent with the previous results.

Objective:To explore the risk factors of intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) and the characteristics of Medical Research Council (MRC) score and electromyogram.Methods:A case control study was conducted. Patients with mechanical ventilation ≥ 7 days and MRC score admitted to department of respiratory and critical care medicine of China-Japan Friendship Hospital from September 2018 to January 2020 were enrolled, and they were divided into ICU-AW group (MRC score < 48) and non-ICU-AW group (MRC score ≥ 48) according to MRC score. The general situation, past medical history, related risk factors, MRC score, respiratory support mode, laboratory examination results, electromyogram examination results, ICU-AW related treatment, outcome and length of ICU stay were collected, and the differences between the two groups were compared. The risk factors of ICU-AW were analyzed by binary multivariate Logistic regression, and the characteristics of MRC score and electromyogram were analyzed.Results:A total of 60 patients were enrolled in the analysis, including 17 patients in ICU-AW group and 43 patients in non-ICU-AW group. Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHEⅡ) score, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) on the first day of ICU admission and the ratio of invasive mechanical ventilation between ICU-AW group and non-ICU-AW group [APACHEⅡ score: 21 (18, 25) vs. 18 (15, 22), SOFA score: 7 (5, 12) vs. 5 (3, 8), BNP (ng/L): 364.3 (210.1, 551.2) vs. 160.1 (66.8, 357.8), BUN (mmol/L): 9.9 (6.2, 17.0) vs. 6.0 (4.8, 9.8), invasive mechanical ventilation ratio: 88.2% vs. 46.5%, all P < 0.05]. Binary multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed no independent risk factor for ICU-AW. The average MRC score of 17 ICU-AW patients was 33±11. The limb weakness was symmetrical, and the proximal limb weakness was the main manifestation. Electromyography examination showed that the results of nerve conduction examination in ICU-AW patients mainly revealed that the amplitude of compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and sensory nerve action potentials (SNAP) were decreased, and the conduction velocity was slowed down; needle electromyography showed increased area of motor unit potential (MUP), prolonged time limit and a large number of spontaneous potentials. Prognosis evaluation showed that compared with non-ICU-AW group, patients in ICU-AW group underwent more tracheotomy (70.6% vs. 11.6%), longer length of ICU stay (days: 57±52 vs. 16±8), and more rehabilitation treatment (58.8% vs. 14.0%), and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.01). Conclusions:The occurrence of ICU-AW may be related to high APACHEⅡ score and SOFA score, high levels of BNP and BUN on the first day of ICU admission and the proportion of invasive mechanical ventilation, but the above factors are not independent risk factors for ICU-AW. The MRC score of ICU-AW patients was characterized by symmetrical limb weakness, mainly proximal limb weakness; in electromyography examination, the nerve conduction examination results mainly showed that CMAP and SNAP amplitude were decreased, and conduction velocity was slowed down; needle electromyography examination showed increased MUP area, prolonged duration and a large number of spontaneous potentials.

OBJECTIVEParkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, has been reported to be associated with brain neuroinflammation in its pathogenesis. Herein, changes in peripheral immune system were determined to better understand PD pathogenesis and provide possible target for treatment of PD through improvement of immune disorder.

METHODS1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was intraperitoneally injected into mice to prepare PD model. Expression levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors of CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes and concentrations of the cytokines in serum were examined on day 7 after MPTP injection. Percentages of CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets were measured by flow cytometry.

RESULTSMPTP induced PD-like changes such as motor and behavioral deficits and nigrostriatal impairment. Expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-17 and IL-22, in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes were upregulated and their concentrations in serum were elevated in PD progression. But, the concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were not altered in the two lymphoid tissues or serum of PD mice. In addition, expression of T-box in T cells (T-bet), the specific transcription factor of helper T (Th) 1 cells, was downregulated, but expression of transcription factor forkhead box p3 (Foxp3), the transcription factor of regulatory T (Treg) cells, was upregulated. In support of the results, the numbers of IFN-γ-producing CD4+ cells (Th1 cells) were reduced but CD4+CD25+ cells (Treg cells) were elevated in both the lymphoid tissues of PD mice.

CONCLUSIONPD has a dysfunction of peripheral immune system. It manifests enhancement of proinflammatory response and CD4+ T cell differentiation bias towards Treg cells away from Th1 cells.

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine ; Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; pathology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cytokines ; blood ; Disease Models, Animal ; Flow Cytometry ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; metabolism ; Interferon-gamma ; blood ; Interleukin-10 ; blood ; Interleukin-17 ; blood ; Interleukin-2 ; blood ; Interleukin-4 ; blood ; Interleukins ; blood ; Lymph Nodes ; cytology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Parkinson Disease ; immunology ; physiopathology ; Spleen ; cytology ; T-Box Domain Proteins ; metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory ; Th1 Cells ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; blood

，and 17.47%.Conclusions Xylitol can lower the blood glucose a littte but without significant difference.It has little effect on blood glucose variability of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and can be safely used for rehydration.

Objective To study the effect of the extract of Chrysanthemum Indicum(CI)on the expression of tumor necro-sis factor-α (TNF-α) and neutrophil function in chronic bronchitis (CB)rats and to explore the therapeutic mechanism for chronic bronchitis. Methods The extract of CI was prepared. Wistar rats were randomly divided into blank control group, model group, Chuanxiling group, and low-, middle-and high-dose CI extract groups. Rat model of CB was established by intratracheal injection with low-dose lipopolysaccharide. After drug intervention, the expression of TNF-α in rat serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was detected by ELISA method. Phagocytic function of the neu-trophil and respiratory burst of the rats were measured by flow cytometry (FCM). Results Compared with the blank con-trol group, the phagocytic function of the neutrophil, respiratory burst of the rats, and the expression of TNF-α in rat serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the model group were increased significantly. CI extract significantly decreased the abnormal rising of the above indexes. Conclusion Down-Regulation of TNF-α expression, and decrease of the neutrophil phagocytic function and rat respiratory burst may be one of the therapeutic mechanisms of Chrysanthemum In-dicum extract for the treatment of CB.

Objectives To investigate the distribution of Schistosoma japonicum infected Oncomelania snails in the marshland of Dangting Lake region,and explore the effects of gradient and vegetation on the distribution of the infected snails.Methods Three marshland areas in upstream and downstream of Dongting Lake were selected.The snail distribution was investigated and the ground elevation was assessed (Wusong's elevation of zero)and the vegetation types were also recorded from 1987-1989 and 2009.Results In the 3 types of snail habitats of the marshland,the average rate of areas with infected snails was 35.5%,and the snails mainly distributed beside the embankment and slope zone.More infected snails were found in the high altitude and steep slope zone,while no infected snails were found in the low altitude and flat slope zone,and reed areas as well.Conclusion The Schistosoma japonicum infected snails in the marshland of Dongting Lake mainly distribute beside the embankment and slope zoon,and are correlated with the water level in flood seasons and the activities of definitive hosts.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of low-dosage methyltestosterone or andriol in men with senile osteoporosis. MethodsA total of 134 male patients with senile osteoporosis and the decreased serum level of free testosterone were divided into three groups. 45 patients were treated with low-dosage methyhestosterone(100 mg, once a day, sublingual) and 46 patients were treated with low-dosage andriol (40 mg, once a day, orally), while 43 patients were treated with placebo. The duration of treatment in each group was 1 year. The bone density, blood and urine biochemical indexes related to bone metaholites,the quality of life indexes, ultrasonography for prostate,serum prostate specific antigen,blood routine, urine routine, hepatic and renal function were detected before and after the treatment. ResultsBoth low-dosage methyltestosterone and low-dosage andriol could prevent the decrease of bone mineral density and improve patients' general health, role-emotional function and vitality (all P＜0.05). The difference values of femoral neck bone mineral density before and after treatment with low-dosage andriol and low-dosage methyltestosterone were (0.14+0.18)g/cm2 and (0.12±0.09)g/cm2 , respectively(P＜0.05). Low-dosage andriol hadstronger effects in increasing the level of estradiol (32.5±14.2 )ng/L than low-dosage methyltestosterone(19.3±9.2)ng/L(P＜0.05) and showed more notable effects in improving the physical functioning and role-physical function than low-dosage methyhestosterone. The use of the two androgenic hormones at low dosage showed safety. ConclusionsBoth low-dosage methyltestosterone and low-dosage andriol can be used to treat senile osteoporosis in men and to improve life quality. Both of them are effective and safe therapeutic choices.

ObjectiveTo quantitatively assess the texture of carotid soft plaques in patients with or without cerebral infarction using acoustic radiation force imaging(ARFI).MethodsA total of 71 patients with carotid soft plaques were divided into two groups:group A including 31 patients with cerebral infarction and group B including 40 patients without cerebral infarction.ARFI was used to measure the shear wave velocities(SWV) of each soft plaque of the two groups.The results of two groups were compared.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve was drawn to assess the diagnostic accuracy.ResultsThe value of SWV between two groups were significantly different ( P =0.027).The sensitivity and specificity of SWV (AUC =0.667,cut-off value =1.262 m/s) in predicting cerebral infarction was 67.7％ and 70.0％ respectively.ConclusionsThe texture of carotid soft plaques can be evaluated quantitatively using ARFI which was strongly related with cerebral infarction.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical effect of integrated traditional and western medicine in the treatment of post stroke depressive disorder (PSDD). MethodsThe data of 52 patients of PSDD evaluated on self rating depression scale(SDS) before and after treatment were analyzed statistically. ResultsThe curing rate of PSDD is about 78.85%.There was an apparent decrease in the level of SDS before and after treatment(P<0.001). ConclusionsThe treatment of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine can produce a good effect on PSDD.

Objective:To construct a chemiluminescense immune quantification assay based one paired mAbs against complexed prostate specific antigen ( c-PSA).Methods:Six week-old female BALB/c mice were immunized with the commercial c-PSA antigen.After serum titer reaching a platform stage ,the spleen was immunized and fused with mouse myeloma cell lines ( Sp2/0 ) .The hybridoma were screened by indirect ELISA ,and eight generated antibodies were paired to obtain a quantitative analysis of the chemical luminescence.Results:7D6 specifically recognized c-PSA,while 1A10 recognized total PSA(t-PSA).And the paired antibody 1A10/7D6 were determined to successfully construct a chemiluminescense immune response quantitative detection method through the detection of c-PSA standard and clinical serum samples .had,positive samples have statistically significant difference ( P<0.000 1 ) with negative samples.And the correlation coefficient R 2 was 0.97 between our c-PSA quantitative results and that of the Siemens c-PSA chemiluminescense immunoassay kit .The detection linear range was 0.1-100 ng/ml,and the sensitivity was 0.005 ng/ml.Conclusion:The paired monoclonal antibodies specifically detecting c-PSA were generated and a c-PSA chemiluminescense immunoassay were developed in this study .The detection capability of our method was comparable with that of the international commercial kit .