Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) catalyze the initial and rate limiting step in the catabolism of tryptophan, which is related to tumor immune tolerance and poor prognosis in patients. In this regard, two enzymes have become important therapeutic targets for tumor immunotherapy. So far, nine IDO1 inhibitors and three IDO1/TDO dual inhibitors have entered clinical trials. This review summarizes the research progress of IDO1 inhibitors, TDO inhibitors and IDO1/TDO dual inhibitors from the perspective of medicinal chemistry.

98 %).Conclusions Saponins are the major active ingredients in Radix Polygalae.Tenuifolin as an alkaline hydrolysis product of total saponins can be used as a chemical reference substance for the quality control of Radix Polygalae.

Sodium-glucose co-transportor 2(SGLT2)exerts an important role in the reabsorption of renal glucose,and SGLT2 inhibitors could reduce the blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients by decreasing renal glucose reabsorption and in-creasing urine glucose excretion. This paper briefly reviews the renal regulation of glucose homeostasis and the regulatory mechanism of SGLT2 inhibitors,then summarized the administration,clinical pharmacology,adverse reaction and other aspect of clinical applica-tion of three most representive SGLT2 inhibitors:dapagliflozin,canagliflozin and empagliflozin,in hope of providing reference for clinical use of SGLT2 inhibitors in the future.

Akebia trifoliate has been reported to have many pharmacological activities and the roots, petioles and seeds are used to different symptoms. However, the structure and anatomy of its seeds was almost not reported until now. In the present study, we investigated the morphological characters of the fruit and seed, and the anatomical characters of the testa, micropyle, embryo and endosperm, which could provide evidences for the study on classification, identification and application of A. trifoliate. Our results showed that the testa of A. trifoliate consisted of an epidermic cell layer, the sclerenchyma cells layer, the parenchyma cells layer and an innermost pigment layer. At the micropylar region, the outermost epidermal cells were specialized the white caruncle-like structure and the testa included a lot of lignified tissues. Endosperm comprises two layer cells. Outermost yellowish-brown layer cells contains lots of fat droplets, and innermost white layer cells contains lots of aleurone grains and crystalloids.
Germination ; Magnoliopsida ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development ; Seeds ; anatomy & histology ; growth & development

Objective To investigate the clinical value of 64-slice computed tomography with MinIP and MPR for imaging the bronchus related to a solitary pulmonary lesion (SPL). Methods Seventy-five subjects with solitary pulmonary lesions underwent chest 64-slice CT and their bronchi were analyzed retrospectively. All images of thin-section (0.625 mm) were reconstructed with MPR and MinIP into images of 1, 2, 3, and 5 mm thickness and 1 mm gap in two orthogonal planes along the long axis of bronchus related to the SPL. The image quality of four series of MinIP and MPR images was evaluated in the aspect of bronchus visibility and pulmonary vascular masking. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction and interclass correlation coefficient were used in the statistical analysis. Results (1) The mean scores of display of the bronchi on MinIP images of four series (4.85, 4.77 and 4.84, 4.63 and 4.67, 4.25 and 4.28, in 1, 2, 3, and 5 mm thickness, respectively) and on MPR images of 1 or 2 mm thickness (4.77 and 4.76, 4.04 and 4.27, in 1 and 2 mm thickness, respectively) were good or excellent. MPR images of 1 mm thickness and MinIP images of 1-3 mm thickness showed no significant differences (t=0.318, P> 0.05 for all), but they were superior to MinIP images of 5 mm thickness (t=6.318 and 6.610, P＜0.01). MPR images of 2 mm thickness were inferior to MinIP images of 1-3 mm thickness (t=5.003-8.958, P＜0.01), but there was no significant difference between MPR images of 2 mm thickness and MinIP images of 5 mm thickness (t=1.794 and 0.3181, all P> 0.05). (2) The effect of suppression of pulmonary vascular markings on MinIP images was better with the increase of slice thickness (F=45.312 and 40.415, P＜0.01). The mean scores of MinIP images of 3 mm and 5 mm thickness (4.67 and 4.64, 5.00 and 4.97, for 3 and 5 mm thickness, respectively) were good or excellent, but MinIP images of 2 mm thickness were just acceptable. Conclusion MinIP images of 3 mm thickness may display the bronchus related to SPL more clearly.

OBJECTIVETo explore the feasibility of membrane protein-based two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) in the investigations of chondrocyte-related diseases and its complementarity with total protein-based 2-DE.

METHODSKnee cartilage samples were obtained to isolate the chondrocytes with type II collagenase/hyaluronidase digestion. The membrane proteins and total proteins were extracted and loaded separately onto PH3.0-10.0 non-linear gel strip for 2-DE analysis. The qualities of membrane protein-based 2-DE gels were evaluated, and the difference between the distribution profiles of the membrane protein spots and that of the total protein were observed and their complementarities were evaluated.

RESULTSMembrane protein-based 2-DE generated high-quality gel images, and on each gel 412.3±13.5 protein spots were identified. These spots were distributed in the region of isoelectric point pH 5.0-9.0. In the gel images generated by the total proteins, 564.3±5.9 protein spots were identified in each image, and the spots were distributed in the region of isoelectric point pH 3.0-7.0.

CONCLUSIONMembrane protein-based 2-DE of the chondrocytes can generate high-quality gel images, and the isoelectric distribution of the protein spots is complementary to that of total protein, which provides valuable information for chondrocyte-related diseases.

Adult ; Chondrocytes ; chemistry ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Isoelectric Point ; Male ; Membrane Proteins ; isolation & purification ; Middle Aged

How to recognize and diagnose heart diseases, as one of the most frequent issues, is a serious problem. ECG automation recognition is not only the target of medicine, but also the work of computer science. In this paper, the approaches to ECG recognition are reviewed, and their characters are analyzed. With the background of wearable wireless ECG monitor, on the basis of experts' experience in ECG recognition, the imagery thinking-based new method, in which morphology parameters are considered, is presented.
Algorithms ; Electrocardiography ; methods ; Humans ; Pattern Recognition, Automated ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the transition state between normal aging and AD. There are better detection and treatment methods to screen a population of patients with MCI. Through intervention, the probability of MCI conversion to AD can be significantly reduced. This paper first introduces the concept of cost-effectiveness analysis, reconsiders the concept of cost for the particularity of MCI, and uses QALY to evaluate the health effects of the quality of life. Then measure the health quality of life of elderly MCI population, and use Markov model to study the cost of intervention with traditional Chinese medicine-effectiveness analysis. Finally, according to the QALY measure and CEA results, we draw the conclusion that it's helpful to get early intervention in MCI.
Alzheimer Disease ; drug therapy ; economics ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; drug therapy ; economics ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; economics ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Markov Chains ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; economics

Objective To investigate the clinical and pathologic features of pulmonary sclerosing he- mangioma (PSH).Methods With clinicopathologic date of 21 cases of PSH patients obtained,all speci- mens were stained by immunohistochemical method with a panel of antibodies including CK,synaptophysin, chromogranin,actin,calretinin,F-Ⅷ,CD_(34) and vimentin.Results PSH usually affects female patients.Age ranged from 26 to 70 years old.The tumor cells showed a mixture histological pattern,with the feature of pap- illary and the proliferation of interstitutial monocyte.Immunohistochemical staining revealed that surface of the papillary cells expressed CK,monocyte expressed synaptophysin.PSH should be distinguished from bronchi- oloalveolar carcinoma,carcinoid and inflammatory pseudotumor.Conclusion PSH is a rare and potential malignant behavior tumor,and is different from benign tumor.

The importance and feasibility was analyzed of the teaching BBS for aiding classroom teaching based on campus network. The design, technique, content, advantages and deficiencies were presented of agricultural microbiology teaching BBS. The prospect also was discussed of teaching BBS based on campus network in this paper.