Cough ; etiology ; therapy ; Humans ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

In recent years, there is some new recognition about the origin of prostatic carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma has been considered as a stem cell disease. Prostate cancer stem cells have close relationship with prostatic carcinoma formation, advancement, relapse, metastasis and drug resistance. As the development of science and technology continues, studies on the isolation and correlated phenotype identification of prostate cancer stem cells have lead us to further recognize prostate cancer stem cells, as well pave a new way for the diagnosis and therapy of clinical prostatic carcinoma.

Objective To explore the effects of the different doses of propofol for preventing postoperative agitation in chil-dren.Methods 60 children cases undergoing elective indirect inguinal hernia hernioplasty were selected in the Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Luzhou Medical College from June 2011 to April 2011 and randomly divided into the group Ⅰ,Ⅱ andⅢ.The three groups were performed the general anesthesia with sevoflurane and postoperatively given 0.90% sodium chloride in-jection 0.10 mL/kg by intravenous injection,propofol 1.00 mg/kg by once intravenous injection and propofol 1.00 mg/kg by twice intravenous injection,respectively.The occurrence rate of postoperative agitation within 30 min was compared among 3 groups.The anesthesia recovery agitation score,improved Aldrete score,awakening time and time out of the operation room were also compared. Results The occurrence rates of agitation within postoperative 30 min in the group Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were 65.00%,65.00% and 15.00% respectively,the difference among three groups was statistically significant (P <0.05);the anesthesia recovery agitation score,improved Aldrete score and awakening time had statistically significant differences among 3 groups (P <0.05),the time out of the operation room had no statistical difference(P > 0.05).Conclusion Postoperative twice intravenous injection of propofol 1.00 mg/kg has obvious effect and good safety for preventing the postoperative agitation in children,which has important clinical reference value.

BACKGROUND: The low survival rate of neuron cells is one of the main mechanisms of stem cell allograft, which might lead to the failure of allograft. Nuclear factor-KB (NF-kB) is one of main transcription factors for cell signaling transduction and participates in call proliferation and differentiation.OBJECTIVE: To study the differentiation of muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) into neuron-like cells induced by ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and Compound Salvia Miltiorrhiza Injection in vitro, and the expression of NF- kB.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: The experiment at cell molecular level was performed at the Oral Science Laboratory of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical College from March to May 2008.MATERIALS: A total of 10 Sprague Dawley neonatal rats aged 7 days were supplied by Experimental Animal Center, Liaoning Medical University. CNTF (Sigma, USA) and Compound Salvia Miltiorrhiza Injection (Chiatai Qingchunbao Pharmacantical Co.,Ltd., China) were used in this study.METHODS: Rat MDSCs were harvested in vitro, pudfied by differential adherence and enzyme digestion, and incubated in 6-well plate. Samples in the induction group were incubated in DMEM containing CNTF for 24 hours. The medium was changed.Subsequently, samples were dnsed three times, and then incubated in serum-free DMEM supplemented with Compound Salvia Miltiorrhiza Injection for 5 hours. Samples in the control group were treated with serum-free DMEM.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Neurofilament protein and NF-KB inhibitor protein expression were detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Westem blotting.RESULTS: No neurofilament protein expression was found in MDSCs before induction, and neurofilament protein-positive MDSCs were detected following induction. Results of gel electrophoresis and Westam blot showed that no significant differences in NF-kB inhibitor protein expression were determined in the control group, and NF-kB inhibitor protein expression was significantly decreased in the induction group after induction.CONCLUSION: CNTF and Compound Salvia Miltiorrhiza Injection could inhibit the activation of NF-kB and induce the differentiation of MDSCs into neuron-like cells.Zeng XY, Wang W, Sun L, Zhang L, Zeng LD.Differentiation of muscle-derived stem cells into neuron-like cells induced by ciliary neurotrophic factor and Compound Salvia Miltiorrhiza Injection in vitro.Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu yu Linchuang Kangfu.2009;13(27): 5336-5340. [http://www.crter.cn http://en.zglckf.com]

Objective To explore the expressions and.significancse of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-18 in serum and tissues of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN) and cervical cancer,and to analyze their relationships with clinical pathological characteristics and prognosis.Methods One hundred and eight patients' tissues and clinical blood samples (68 cases of CIN and 40 cases of squamous cell carcinoma) were enrolled in this study,including 25 with low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN Ⅰ),43 with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN Ⅱ-Ⅲ),and 40 with invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC);meanwhile,20 cases normal cervical tissues were enrolled.The expressions of IL-10 and IL-18 in cervical tissues and serum of the studied patients were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction.Meanwhile,second generation hybrid capture was used to detect human papilloma virus(HPV) DNA in cervical smears obtained from the studied patients with the different lesions.The relationships among IL-10 and IL-18 with HPV DNA and clinical prognosis were analyzed.Results The expressions of IL-10 and IL-18 in normal control serum were (212.75 ± 62.09),(187.84 ± 81.03)pg/ml respectively.The expressions of IL-10 in CIN Ⅰ,CIN Ⅱ-Ⅲ and SCC serums were (324.71 ±75.87),(397.43 ±68.56),(482.77 ± 104.05) pg/ml,with statistically significant difference (F =17.657,P =0.001).The expressions of IL-18 in CIN Ⅰ,CIN Ⅱ-Ⅲ and SCC serums were (305.53 ± 64.08),(392.74 ± 87.38),(499.86 ± 92.04) pg/ml,with statistically significant difference (F =13.309,P =0.003).The relative expressions of IL-10 in normal control,CIN Ⅰ,CIN Ⅱ-Ⅲ and SCC tissues were 0.99 ±0.01,3.24 ±0.68,7.32 ±0.99,13.24 ± 1.03,with statistically significant difference (F =21.694,P =0.000).The relative expressions of IL-18 in normal control,CIN Ⅰ,CIN Ⅱ-Ⅲ and SCC tissues were 0.98 ± 0.01,2.02 ± 0.84,7.01 ± 1.59,14.38 ± 2.10,with statistically significant difference (F =19.912,P =0.001).The expressions of IL-10 and IL-18 were positively associated with HPV infection (r =0.696,P =0.001;r =0.852,P =0.001).The median survival time of patients with high expressions of IL-10 was 9.74 months,which obviously shorter than those patients with low expressions of IL-10 (24.47 months),with statistically significant difference (x2 =21.363,P =0.001).The median survival time of patients with high expressions of IL-18 was 12.32 months,which obviously shorter than those patients with low expressions of IL-18 (22.88 months),with statistically significant difference (x2 =7.457,P =0.006).Conclusion High expressions of IL-10 and IL-18 are observed in patients with CIN and SCC,which can be used as biomarkers for predicting early cervical lesions.

BACKGROUND:Repeated injections or nasal spray of large doses of calcitonin can effectively prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcitonin should be taken for a long time.But the use of calcitonin is limited by the need for repeated protein administration, costly production methods and antigenicity. Gene therapy can provide effective economic therapeutic regimen for osteoporosis,and reduce side effect of drugs.OBJECTIVE:To describe the expression of human calcitonin produced in myoblasts and determine the effects of the recombinant protein on murine osteoblast cells.DESIGN:A gene-based controlled observational experiment.SETTING:Institute of Radiation Medicine,Fudan University.MATERIALS: The experiment was carried out at the Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University from December 2005 to June 2006. Ten healthy SD fetal rats were selected from Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University,Human Calcitoninsas monoclonal antibody was purchased from American Santa Cruz Biotechnology Company. L6 myoblast line was provided by Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences. METHODS:The pcDNA3.0.-hCT liposome transfection mixture (transfection group) and empty vector pcDNA3.0 liposome mixture (control group) were added in the L6 myoblast medium, respectively.The expression and secretion of human calcitonin by myoblast cells were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical analysis.1×10-14,1×10-13,1×10-12 mol/L recombinant human calcitonin and MEM were respectively added in myoblast medium. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The proliferation and differentiation of rat myoblasts were observed by MTT and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).RESULTS: Human calcitonin was found by ELISA in the supematant of cell culture. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis verified that human calcitonin could be expressed stably in myoblasts after transfection. Osteoblast proliferation and ALP activity were higher when recombinant human calcitonin was 1×10-14 and 1×10-13 mol/L than the control group (P＞0.05).It was significantly higher when the concentration was 1×10-12 mol/L than the control group (P＜0.05).CONCLUSION:The stable synthesis and secretion of biologically active human calcitonin can be achieved in myoblasts by gene transfection.Recombinant human calcitonin can enhance proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts.

Objective To observe the protective effect on retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and the safety of intravitreal injected acteoside in rats.Methods A total of 50 male Sprague Dawley rats with the weight of 190-210 g were used in this study.Fifteen rats were used for safety experiment of intravitreal injection of acteoside.The rats were divided into group A,B,C,control group and blank group,three rats in each group.The rats in group A,B and C were received intravitreal injection of 5 μl acteoside at the concentration of 1,2,and 5 mg/ml,respectively.Phosphate buffer solution (PBS) was injected in rats of control group.No treatment was performed for blank group.The retinal structure was examined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of retinal frozen sections at one,two and three weeks after injection.The retinal ultrastructure was examined by ultrathin section under transmission electron microscope at one and three weeks after injection.Others 35 rats were used for experiment of protective effect of acteoside on RGC.The rats were divided into operation group A and B (n=8),sham operation group C and D (n=8),and blank group (n=3).The optic nerve of rats in operation group was clamped for 10 seconds after optic nerve exposure,while the optic nerve of rats in sham operation group was exposed only.The rats in operation group A and B were received intravitreal injection with 5 μl acteoside (1 mg/ml) and 5 μl PBS respectively.The rats in sham operation group C and D were received intravitreal injection with 1 μl acteoside (1 mg/ml) and 1 μl PBS respectively.No treatment was performed for blank group.The retinal structure was examined by HE staining of retinal frozen sections at one,two and four weeks after injection.Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43).RGC apoptosis was assessed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labelling (TUNEL) method.Software of SPSS 13.0 was used for the data statistical analysis in this study.Results In the safety experiment of intravitreal injected acteoside,there was no abnormity of cornea,anterior chamber,lens,vitreous cavity and retina after injection.At one,two and three weeks after injection,the retina structure was normal without significant apoptosis,necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration.The ganglion cell layer showed slightly edema; there was no obvious change of retinal ultrastructure after injection of acteoside with 5 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml,but slight change with the format of 1 mg/ml.Transmission electron microscopy showed that intravitreal injection of 5μl acteoside at the concentration of 2 or 5 mg/ml can induce significant changes of micro-structures of retina,while injections at 1mg/ml can only induce minor changes.In the experiment of protective effect of acteoside on RGC,light microscope revealed that the cell showed typical changes of apoptosis in operation group,but not in sham operation group and blank group.At the first and second week after injection,compared with the sham operation group and blank group,the RGC number was decreased in operation group.The difference of RGC numbers between operation group A and B was statistically different (F=26.206,P＜0.05).The RGC numbers in operation group continues to decrease at the fourth week after injection,there was obvious difference compared with the first and second week after injection (F=17.364,P＜0.05),but there was no difference of RGC numbers among sham operation intra-group and between sham operation group and blank group at all the time points.Immunohistochemistry showed that at the first week after injection,the integrated absorbance (IA) value in operation group was higher than that in other groups (F=33.466,P＜0.05) ; there was no difference of IA value between operation group A and B.At the second week after injection,IA value in operation group A had slightly declined,but higher than that in operation group B (F=14.391,P＜0.05).At the fourth week after injection,IA value in operation group A declined further,but also higher than that in other groups (F=4.178,P＜0.05).TUNEL showed that on the first week after injection,RGC apoptosis rate in operation group was increased than that in other groups (F=15.365,P＜0.05).At the second week after injection,RGC apoptosis rate in operation group was decreased,and it in operation group A was lower than that in operation group B (F=15.365,P＜0.05).At the fourth week after injection,RGC apoptosis rate in operation group was decreased obviously,there was no difference compared with other groups (F =2.057,P ＞ 0.05).There was no difference of RGC apoptosis rate between sham operation group and blank group at all the time points.Conclusion Intravitreal injection of 5 μl acteoside (1mg/ml) is safe for rat retina,and can up-regulate GAP-43 expression and inhibit RGC apoptosis in optic nerve crush rats.

Objective To discuss the effective surgical treatment of intrahepatic lithiasis combined with high hepa-t ic duct strictures. Methods Two hundreds and sixteen cases of intra hepatic lithiasis and high hepatic duct strictures treated in this hospital fr om January 1993 to October 2002 were analysed retrospectively.Results One hundred and eighty- three cases underwent different selective operation by selected time; 33 case s complicated with acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis underwent emergency were performed single biliary drainage, in which 30 cases were re-operated. Th e operative procedure were: hepatic lobectomy,high cholangiotomy and plastic repair,exposure of hepatic duct of the 2nd and the 3rd order,and plastic re pair with own patch and choledochojejunostomy.Two hundreds and six cases w ere cured,the curative rate was 95.4%; 8 cases improved (3.7 %), and 2 cases died (0.9%).Conclusion The best effective surgical treat ment of intrahpatic lithiasis is hepatic lobectomy. Exposure of hepatic duct of the 2nd and the 3rd order is a satisfactory to release the hepatic duct str ictures and to clear the intrahepatic lithiasis. For patients with normal extr ahepatic bile duct and Oddi's function, plastic repair of bile duct with own patch is possible to keep the normal form and function. Cholang ioscopy may play an important role in the treatment of intrahepatic tr act lithiasis during operation.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor KDR ,somatostatin (SS) and angiogenesis in pancreatic carcinoma and their association with the clinicopathologic characterizations. Methods:Immunohistochemical SP technique was used to detect the expression of KDR and SS. Microvessel density was determined by immunostaining for factor CD34 related antigen. Results:MVD was higher in KDR high and middle expression cases than that in low expression cases(P

Objective To evaluate the interventional chemoembolization combined with proton radiotherapy in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accompanied with cancerous thrombus in the main portal vein. Methods Interventional chemoembolization combined with proton radiotherapy was performed in 46 patients of HCC accompanied with cancerous thrombus in the main portal vein. The proton radiotherapy was broke up into several fractions. The patients were treated with interventional chemoembolization and, alternatively, with proton radiotherapy. The short-term effectiveness and radiation reaction were evaluated. The survival rate was followed up. Results The effective rate was 91.3% . Disappearance of cancerous thrombus in the main portal vein was seen in 45.6% of patients. The liver functions were well restored, with a remarkable reduction in AFP. No acute or delayed radiation-induced hepatic damage or radiation hepatopathy occurred during the course of and after radiotherapy. The survival rate at 1, 6, 12 and 24 months was 100%, 89.1%, 52.2% and 21.4% respectively, with a median survival period of 17.6 months. Conclusion For the patients of HCC accompanied with cancerous thrombus in the main portal vein, interventional chemoembolization combined with proton radiotherapy is an effective, safe and newly-developed therapy.