Objective To explore the causal relationship between social stress and tinnitus onset using a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach.Methods Genetic data pertaining to social stress and tinnitus were extracted from genome-wide association studies(GWAS)databases.Single nu-cleotide polymorphisms(SNP)that were independent and strongly correlated with social stress were se-lected as instrumental variables,with tinnitus serving as the outcome variable.Mendelian randomization analyses were performed using inverse-variance weighted(IVW)method,weighted median method,and Mendelian randomization-Egger regression.The intercept term from Mendelian randomization-Egger re-gression was utilized to assess horizontal pleiotropy,Cochran's Q statistic was employed to evaluate het-erogeneity,and leave-one-out analysis was conducted for sensitivity assessment.Results The social stress dataset encompassed 459,742 samples,while the tinnitus dataset comprised 117,882 samples.A total of 10 SNPs tightly associated with social stress were identified as instrumental variables.The a-nalysis results of random-effects inverse variance weighting(IVW),weighted median method,and Mendelian randomization-Egger regression were similar(OR=1.251,1.274,1.438),indicating that social stress was a risk factor for tinnitus,and there was a positive causal effect between them,with no heterogeneity or pleiotropy in the results.Conclusion There is a causal relationship between social stress and tinnitus onset,which may offer novel perspectives for the clinical prevention and treatment of tinnitus in the future.

Objective To explore the causal relationship between social stress and tinnitus onset using a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach.Methods Genetic data pertaining to social stress and tinnitus were extracted from genome-wide association studies(GWAS)databases.Single nu-cleotide polymorphisms(SNP)that were independent and strongly correlated with social stress were se-lected as instrumental variables,with tinnitus serving as the outcome variable.Mendelian randomization analyses were performed using inverse-variance weighted(IVW)method,weighted median method,and Mendelian randomization-Egger regression.The intercept term from Mendelian randomization-Egger re-gression was utilized to assess horizontal pleiotropy,Cochran's Q statistic was employed to evaluate het-erogeneity,and leave-one-out analysis was conducted for sensitivity assessment.Results The social stress dataset encompassed 459,742 samples,while the tinnitus dataset comprised 117,882 samples.A total of 10 SNPs tightly associated with social stress were identified as instrumental variables.The a-nalysis results of random-effects inverse variance weighting(IVW),weighted median method,and Mendelian randomization-Egger regression were similar(OR=1.251,1.274,1.438),indicating that social stress was a risk factor for tinnitus,and there was a positive causal effect between them,with no heterogeneity or pleiotropy in the results.Conclusion There is a causal relationship between social stress and tinnitus onset,which may offer novel perspectives for the clinical prevention and treatment of tinnitus in the future.

Aim To study the causal relationship between coffee consumption and atherosclerosis risk.Methods Based on the public genome database IEU Open GW AS project website,relevant data were obtained,and in-strumental variables closely related to exposure and outcome were screened.Mendelian randomization analysis was per-formed using the inverse variance weighted method,weighted median method,and MR Egger method to assess the causal relationship between coffee consumption and arteriosclerosis(including coronary atherosclerosis,peripheral atherosclerosis,cerebral atherosclerosis,and other atherosclerosis).In addition,the Egger intercept method was used to detect the level of pleiotropy,the Cochran Q test was used to assess the heterogeneity,and the leave one out method was used to perform sensitivity analysis,so as to ensure the robustness of the results.Results The study showed that the F-values of the instrumental variables included in the study were all greater than 10,and there was no weak instrumental variables bias.Coffee consumption was positively correlated with the risk of coronary atherosclerosis(OR=1.535 5,95％CI=1.108 4～2.127 2,P=0.009 9),peripheral atherosclerosis(OR=2.098 6,95％CI=1.182 2～3.725 7,P=0.011 4),and other atherosclerosis(OR=1.864 7,95％CI=1.052 9～3.302 4,P=0.032 6),but not with the risk of cerebral atherosclerosis.Heterogeneity test Q_pval＞0.05,level pleiotropy test interval P＞0.05.Conclusions The single nucleotide polymor-phisms selected in the study are all strong instrumental variables,and there is no heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy,in-dicating reliable results.The research shows that coffee consumption increases the risk of coronary atherosclerosis,pe-ripheral atherosclerosis and other atherosclerosis,and has no significant correlation with the risk of cerebral atherosclerosis.The health management of atherosclerosis patients should reduce coffee consumption.