INTRODUCTIONWe assessed the local prevalence, characteristics and 10-year outcomes in a heart failure (HF) cohort from the emergency room (ER).

MATERIALS AND METHODSPatients presenting with acute dyspnoea to ER were prospectively enrolled from December 2003 to December 2004. HF was diagnosed by physicians' adjudication based on clinical assessment and echocardiogram within 12 hours, blinded to N-terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) results. They were stratified into heart failure with preserved (HFPEF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFREF) by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).

RESULTSAt different cutoffs of LVEF of ≥50%, ≥45%, ≥40%, and >50% plus excluding LVEF 40% to 50%, HFPEF prevalence ranged from 38% to 51%. Using LVEF ≥50% as the final cutoff point, at baseline, HFPEF (n = 35), compared to HFREF (n = 55), had lower admission NT- proBNP (1502 vs 5953 pg/mL, P <0.001), heart rate (86 ± 22 vs 98 ± 22 bpm, P = 0.014), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (75 ± 14 vs 84 ± 20 mmHg, P = 0.024). On echocardiogram, compared to HFREF, HFPEF had more LV concentric remodelling (20% vs 2%, P = 0.003), less eccentric hypertrophy (11% vs 53%, P <0.001) and less mitral regurgitation from functional mitral regurgitation (60% vs 95%, P = 0.027). At 10 years, compared to HFREF, HFPEF had similar primary endpoints of a composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and rehospitalisation for congestive heart failure (CHF) (HR 0.886; 95% CI, 0.561 to 1.399; P = 0.605), all-cause mortality (HR 0.663; 95% CI, 0.400 to 1.100; P = 0.112), but lower cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.307; 95% CI, 0.111 to 0.850; P = 0.023).

CONCLUSIONIn the long term, HFPEF had higher non-cardiovascular mortality, but lower cardiovascular mortality compared to HFREF.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; mortality ; Dyspnea ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Echocardiography ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Female ; Heart Failure ; blood ; diagnostic imaging ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mitral Valve Insufficiency ; epidemiology ; Myocardial Infarction ; epidemiology ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; blood ; Peptide Fragments ; blood ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Singapore ; epidemiology ; Stroke ; epidemiology ; Stroke Volume ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Ventricular Remodeling

INTRODUCTIONThis study was carried out to (i) provide the methodology for determining left atrial (LA) volume, emptying fraction and ejection force (LAEF), from real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE), and (ii) evaluate the effects of age and gender on LA volume and LAEF in a wide age range of healthy participants.

MATERIALS AND METHODSRT3DE was performed in 102 healthy participants (age range, 20 to 80 years). From full-volume data sets, LA endocardial borders were automatically traced and LA volumes were determined. LAEF was calculated as 1/3×mitral annular area × (blood density) × (peak velocity of A wave)(2) according to Newton's law of motion and hydrodynamics; wherein the mitral annular area (MVA) is traced using RT3DE and A is the peak Doppler-derived blood velocity at atrial systole with the sample volume placed at the mitral annulus level.

RESULTSANOVA analysis revealed that LA volume indices were significantly correlated with age (r = 0.366, P <0.0001 for maximal volume index and r = 0.288, P <0.005 for minimal volume index). LAEF was also significantly positively correlated with age (r = 0.49, P <0.0001). The LA emptying fraction was maintained across ages. LA volume indices and LAEF did not differ significantly with gender.

CONCLUSIONOur data can be used as normal reference values for LA volumes and LAEF. We have demonstrated that age is positively related to LA volume indices and LAEF, which suggests that age-dependent cut-off values should be considered in those with heart disease.

Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Analysis of Variance ; Atrial Function, Left ; physiology ; Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional ; methods ; Female ; Heart Atria ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mitral Valve ; diagnostic imaging ; Sex Factors ; Stroke Volume ; physiology

A 67-year-old Chinese woman with comorbidities of chronic obstructive lung disease, hypertension and prior coronary artery bypass surgery presented with severe functional mitral regurgitation (MR) and severely depressed left ventricular function. She was in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II-III. Due to high surgical risk, she was referred for percutaneous treatment with the MitraClip valve repair system. This procedure is typically performed via the femoral venous system and involves a transseptal puncture. A clip is delivered to grasp the regurgitant mitral valve leaflets and reduce MR. This was performed uneventfully in our patient, with reduction of MR from 4+ to 1+. She was discharged on post-procedure Day 2 and her NYHA class improved to Class I. This was the first successful MitraClip procedure performed in Asia and represents a valuable treatment option in patients with severe MR, especially those with functional MR or those at high surgical risk.
Aged ; Cardiac Surgical Procedures ; methods ; Cardiology ; instrumentation ; methods ; Catheters ; Echocardiography ; methods ; Equipment and Supplies ; Female ; Heart Ventricles ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Mitral Valve ; surgery ; Mitral Valve Insufficiency ; surgery ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; complications ; Risk ; Ultrasonography, Doppler ; methods ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left ; surgery

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac myxoma is the most common cardiac tumour. In this study, we summarise our 17-year experience with the clinical presentation of cardiac myxoma at National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore. METHODS: Between January 2000 and December 2016, retrospective data was reviewed for all consecutive patients who underwent surgical resection of cardiac myxoma. Patients' clinical characteristics were reviewed and described. RESULTS: A total of 67 (18 male, 49 female; mean age 53.1 ± 13.5 years) patients underwent cardiac myxoma resection. There were 19 (28.4%) patients with asymptomatic cardiac myxoma. There were no significant differences in gender; body habitus and myxoma size; and haemoglobin, white blood cell or platelet counts between patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic myxoma. However, the number of asymptomatic cardiac myxomas seemed to follow an increasing trend from 19.4% (period 2000-2008) to 36.1% (period 2009-2016), suggestive of an 'era effect'. CONCLUSION In our study, a majority of patients were women, with a wide age range of 18-78 years. The diagnosis of asymptomatic cardiac myxoma was present in 28.4% of patients, with an increasing trend for incidence over the years. This is possibly due to increased opportunistic screening (with electrocardiography and clinical examination) as well as higher usage of medical imaging.

INTRODUCTION: Despite reports suggesting an association between COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and pericarditis and myocarditis, detailed nationwide population-based data are sparsely available. We describe the incidence of pericarditis and myocarditis by age categories and sex after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination from a nationwide mass vaccination programme in Singapore. METHODS: The incidence of adjudicated cases of pericarditis and myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination that were reported to the vaccine safety committee between January to July 2021 was compared with the background incidence of myocarditis in Singapore. RESULTS: As of end July 2021, a total of 34 cases were reported (9 pericarditis only, 14 myocarditis only, and 11 concomitant pericarditis and myocarditis) with 7,183,889 doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine administered. Of the 9 cases of pericarditis only, all were male except one. The highest incidence of pericarditis was in males aged 12-19 years with an incidence of 1.11 cases per 100,000 doses. Of the 25 cases of myocarditis, 80% (20 cases) were male and the median age was 23 years (range 12-55 years) with 16 cases after the second dose. A higher-than-expected number of cases were seen in males aged 12-19 and 20-29 years, with incidence rates of 3.72 and 0.98 case per 100,000 doses, respectively. CONCLUSION Data from the national registry in Singapore indicate an increased incidence of pericarditis and myocarditis in younger men after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.
Adolescent ; Adult ; COVID-19/prevention & control* ; COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects* ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myocarditis/etiology* ; Pericarditis/etiology* ; RNA, Messenger ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination/adverse effects* ; Vaccines, Synthetic ; Young Adult ; mRNA Vaccines