Complex genetic variation has been known to occur during the transmission of human enterovirus (HEV), and the HEV virulence and pathogenicity enhanced by genetic recombination also pose a serious threat to human health. In recent years, the interest in recombination mechanism of genetic plasticity has been renewed with the emergence of pathogenic recombinant circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses, which were implicated in poliomyelitis outbreaks in several regions of the world with insufficient vaccination coverage. This paper reviews recent research progress in HEV genome, including evolutionary characteristics, recombination types, and in vitro recombinant construction.
Animals ; Biomedical Research ; trends ; Enterovirus ; classification ; genetics ; Enterovirus Infections ; virology ; Humans ; Recombination, Genetic ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

Objective: To investigate the role of NF-?B in signal transduction of hepatocyte apoptosis in liver injury. Methods: A total of 42 Chang-Bai piglets were divided into 7 groups: control group, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours wound group. The model of intestinal perforations due to abdominal firearm wound was established in wound groups. Hepatic NF-?B activity was measured with immunohistochemical staining and image analysis in all groups. Hepatocyte apoptosis indexes and serum ALT levels were also determined. Results: Levels of hepatic NF-?B activity in wounded groups were significantly elevated compared with control group, and there were two peaks (1 and 8 hours group P

More and more new human enteroviruses (HEVs) types were identified with the broad application of the molecular serotyping methods for enteroviruses. Since enterovirus 71 (EV71) was first reported in 1969, numerous epidemic outbreaks associated with new enteroviruses have occurred all around the world, and pose a significant threat to public health . The epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by EV71 infection in China have raised great concern of global scholars. This paper reviewed research progress in recent years of the molecular typing, evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenesis attributable to new enterovirus types.
Animals ; Enterovirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Enterovirus Infections ; veterinary ; virology ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes ; Phylogeny ; Primate Diseases ; virology

To analyze the genetic characteristics of echovirus 6 (E6) isolated from meningitis and encephalitis cases in Shandong Province, China, we collected cerebrospinal fluid samples from meningitis and encephalitis cases in Shandong Province from 2007 to 2012 for virus isolation. Viral RNAs were extracted from positive isolates, and complete VP1 coding regions were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. Homology comparison and phylogenetic analysis were performed. Six isolates were identified as E6 by microneutralization assay and molecular typing. The homology analysis showed that the six isolates had 78. 6%-99. 8% nucleotide and 95. 5%-100. 0% amino acid identities with each other, as well as 76. 9%-78. 4% nucleotide and 92. 3%-95. 1% amino acid identities with the prototype strain (D' Amori). The phylogenetic analysis based on the integrated VP1 sequences indicated that all Shandong E6 isolates could be separated into four clusters, designated as A, B, C, and D. The six E6 isolates belonged to clusters A, B, and D. Our study reveals high genetic differences between Shandong E6 isolates and suggests different transmission lineages of E6 co-circulated in Shandong Province.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Echovirus 6, Human ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Encephalitis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Meningitis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Alignment ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics

This study aimed to investigate antibody levels of the newer human enteroviruses (EV) A71, A90, and B87 in the population of Shandong Province, and provide a scientific basis for the development of prevention and control measures. In this study, serum specimens were collected from 400 individuals living in Yantai city, Shandong Province in 2010. EV-A71, A90, and B87 antibodies were detected using neutralization tests, and the results were analyzed by statistical methods. It was found that the positive neutralizing antibody rates of EV-A71, A90 and B87 in the population were 46.0%, 8.8%, and 47.0%, respectively. Their geometric mean titers (GMT) were 1 : 5.20, 1 : 1.49, and 1 : 4.02, respectively. Positive antibody rates for EV-A71 and EV-B87 were lowest in the 1-yr and 7-mo age groups, respectively. Positive rates increased gradually with age, and become consistent in the population aged >5 years. Positive antibody rates of EV-A90 were consistent across all age groups. Maternal antibody levels of EV-A71 declined rapidly after birth, and the increase in seroprevalence among 3-7 years old children implied that most EV-A71 infections occurred in preschool and early elementary school children. High positive antibody rates of EV-B87 in healthy individuals, especially children, implied that there may be an immune barrier within the general population. The population monitoring of EV-A90 should be strengthened, as its positive antibody rate is low.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Enterovirus A, Human ; classification ; genetics ; immunology ; isolation & purification ; Enterovirus Infections ; blood ; immunology ; virology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo analyze the risk factors related to in-hospital bleeding for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

METHODSClinical and therapeutic data of 3807 patients who were registered with acute coronary syndrome in SINO-GRACE in China from March 2001 to December 2007 were reviewed. A total of 57 patients were grouped to bleeding group and 234 out of the remaining 3750 patients without bleeding were randomly chosen and served as non-bleeding group. Hemorrhage-related factors were screened and compared between the two groups. Unitary logistic regression analysis was performed to detect the possible factors related to hemorrhage. Factors with P < 0.1 were further analyzed by stepwise regression method and multivariate conditional logistic regression analyses.

RESULTS(1) Age, history of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), previous hemorrhage, renal failure and heart failure as well incidence of acute coronary syndrome were significantly higher in bleeding group than in non-bleeding group (all P ≤ 0.05). Patients were more often treated with clopidogrel and glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist in bleeding group than in non-bleeding group. (2) Single factor logistic regression analysis showed that age > 70 years, history of previous bleeding, renal failure, heart failure, clopidogrel and GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists use, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, inferior wall, lateral myocardial infarction, CABG were risk factors for bleeding (all P < 0.05). (3) Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that history of renal failure (OR = 19.77, 95%CI 4.38 - 89.18, P < 0.01) and clopidogrel (OR = 19.77, 95%CI 4.38 - 89.18, P < 0.01) and GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist (OR = 343.57, 95%CI 40.39 - 999.99, P < 0.01) use were the independent risk factors for bleeding.

CONCLUSIONOur results show that renal failure history and clopidogrel and GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist use are independent risk factors for in-hospital bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Acute Coronary Syndrome ; complications ; pathology ; Age of Onset ; Aged ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; etiology ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Incidence ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Renal Insufficiency ; Risk Factors ; Ticlopidine ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use

OBJECTIVETo establish a specific and sensitive serological ELISA, diagnostic method, for herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection using yeast expressed glycoprotein D (gD) of HSV-1 as coating antigen.

METHODSThe yeast expressed products were collected at the most appropriate time and sonicated. After the optimum dilution titers of the coating antigens and sera were determined, 57 clinical sera were assayed using the recombinant gD and HSV-1-infected culture media as coating antigens respectively. The same sera were also assayed by homemade and Euroimmun ELISA kit, Germany. The results of German kit as a golden standard were compared with those of the other three methods in specificity, sensitivity and accordance rate.

RESULTSCompared to the imported kit, the specificities of recombinant protein, HSV-I culture media and homemade kit were 57.1%, 57.1% and 100.0%, respectively, the sensitivities were 82.0%, 78.0%, 48.0% and the accordance rates were 78.9%, 75.4%, 54.4%, respectively. The results of repeated experiments of recombinant protein showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two experiments (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe ELISA with recombinant gD protein of HSV-1 as coating antigen is a specific, sensitive, quick and convenient method for diagnosis of HSV-1 infection.

Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; immunology ; Antigens, Viral ; immunology ; Cell Line ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; instrumentation ; methods ; Herpes Simplex ; blood ; diagnosis ; virology ; Herpesvirus 1, Human ; genetics ; immunology ; Humans ; Recombinant Proteins ; immunology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Viral Envelope Proteins ; genetics ; immunology

Objective To improve the voltage regulator for the traditional X-ray machine to provide heating voltage and current to X-ray tube filament heating circuit.Methods The circuits included the ones for regulator output voltage sampling,desired voltage generation,control voltage generation,synchronous pulse triangular signal generation,phase control,siliconcontrolled rectifier (SCR) and regulator input voltage sampling.Negative feedback control was executed by the sampling,detection and comparison of the regulator output voltage,and the comparison was carried out with the synchronous pulse triangular signal to generate the signal for controlling SCR.The regulator output voltage was kept stable by regulating the modes of SCR conduction angle.Results Installing and debugging of designed circuit for domestic power frequency X-ray machine contributed to realizing voltage regulation for the filament heating circuit.The test also measured voltage waveform distortion in AC circuits,and this kind of adverse effect did not affect the filament heating circuit.Conclusion The improved system has small volume,low heat,little noise and high performance,which can replace the traditional MSVR.

OBJECTIVETo optimize the animal model of liver injury that can properly represent the pathological characteristics of dampness-heat jaundice syndrome of traditional Chinese medicine.

METHODSThe liver injury in the model rat was induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4) ) respectively, and the effects of Yinchenhao Decoction (, YCHD), a proved effective Chinese medical formula for treating the dampness-heat jaundice syndrome in clinic, on the two liver injury models were evaluated by analyzing the serum level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malondialchehyche (MDA), total bilirubin (T-BIL), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) as well as the ratio of liver weight to body weight. The experimental data were analyzed by principal component analytical method of pattern recognition.

RESULTSThe ratio of liver weight to body weight was significantly elevated in the ANIT and CCl(4) groups when compared with that in the normal control (P<0.01). The contents of ALT and T-BIL were significantly higher in the ANIT group than in the normal control (P<0.05,P<0.01), and the levels of AST, ALT and ALP were significantly elevated in CCl(4) group relative to those in the normal control P<0.01). In the YCHD group, the increase in AST, ALT and ALP levels was significantly reduced (P<0.05, P<0.01), but with no significant increase in serum T-BIL. In the CCl(4) intoxicated group, the MDA content was significantly increased and SOD, GSH-PX activities decreased significantly compared with those in the normal control group, respectively (P<0.01). The increase in MDA induced by CCl(4) was significantly reduced by YCHD P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONYCHD showed significant effects on preventing liver injury progression induced by CCl(4), and the closest or most suitable animal model for damp-heat jaundice syndrome may be the one induced by CCl(4).

1-Naphthylisothiocyanate ; toxicity ; Alanine Transaminase ; blood ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; blood ; Animals ; Annonaceae ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; blood ; Bilirubin ; blood ; Body Weight ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; toxicity ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Glutathione ; metabolism ; Hepatocytes ; drug effects ; enzymology ; pathology ; Jaundice ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Liver ; drug effects ; enzymology ; pathology ; Liver Diseases ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Organ Size ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo evaluate therapeutic and antioxidant effects of Uygur Herb Foeniculum Vulgare Mill (FVM) in hepatic fibrosis rats.

METHODHepatic fibrosis model was built in rats by subcutaneous injection with 40% CCl4 olive oil mixture. At the same time the rats were given high lipoid-low protein animal feeds for 5 weeks. 94 male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups :blank control group (A-group), 8 rats were feed in normal; prevention model control group (B-group), 10 rats were given saline solution by intragastric administration during make of hepatic fibrosis model; FVM prevention group (C-group), 10 rats were given FVM by intragastric administration during make of hepatic fibrosis model; model control group (D-group), FVM treatment group (E-group); Fuzhenghuayu treatment group (F-group). 22 rats in each D, E, F-group were respectively given saline solution, FVM and Fuzhenghuayu by intragastric administration after hepatic fibrosis model were built. At the 5-th weekend, A, B, C- group rats were sacrificed. At the 6-th, 7-th, 8-th, 9-th weekend, 4-6 rats in D, E, F-group were sacrificed. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN) and 8 - hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were detected, liver tissue homogenate superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected. Histopathologic changes were observed after H.E and Masson staining. The expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin(a-SMA) were detected by immunohistochemical staining. The data were analyzed by SPSS17.0 software.

RESULTSThe serum levels of ALT, AST, HA, and LN in the FVM prevention group were significantly reduced compared to the prevention model control group.(P less than 0.05). Rats in FVM treatment group appeared a marked lower serum levels of ALT, AST, HA compared to the model control group (P less than 0.05), and a distinguished lower Inflammation grade and fibrosis stage (P less than 0.05) when the liver section were assayed as well; Rats in FVM treatment group and FVM prevention group had a conspicuous lower content of MDA, 8-OHdG, fibre and a-SMA expression (P less than 0.05), a significantly higher level of SOD, GSH-Px compared to those of in the model control groups.

CONCLUSIONSFoeniculum Vulgare Mill declines liver inflammation response ,and prevent the hepatic fibrosis progression,, this may be due to its effects of antioxidative results.

Animals ; Antioxidants ; pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Foeniculum ; Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Plant Oils ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism