Objective Currently , the targeted therapy is the first-choice treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, but few studies have been reported on the relationship between immunohistochemical markers and the EGFR mutation.The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship of the EGFR mutation with the ex-pressions of thymidylate synthetase (TS), excision repair cross-com-plementation group 1 ( ERCC1 ) , β-tubulin-III, and ribonucleofide reductase large subunit-l ( RRM1) in NSCLC. Methods We retro-spectively analyzed 336 cases of NSCLC treated in the Department of Medical Oncology , the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, from June 2014 to December 2015 and examined 29 EGFR mutations.We divided the patients into a mutation and a non-mutation group, performed immunohistochemical staining of the TS, ERCC1,β-tubulin-III and RRM1 proteins and compared their expressions in the NSCLC tissue between the two groups . Results EGFR mutations were found in 138 ( 41.07%) of the 336 NSCLC patients but not in the other 198 ( 58.93%) .The expression of TS was significantly lower in the mutation than in the non-mutation group (9.42%vs 39.39%, P<0.05), and so was that of β-tubulin-III (44.2%vs 60.1%, P<0.05).EGFR mutations were correlated with decreased expressions of TS (r=-0.332, P<0.05) andβ-tubulin-III (r=-0.157, P<0.05).Multivariate regression analysis showed that the risk of EGFR mutations was 2.109 times higher in the fe-male patients than in the males (OR=2.109, 95%CI:1.268-3.509), 24.265 times higher in the adenocarcinoma than in the adeno-squamous carcinoma patients (OR=24.265, 95%CI:3.508-167.845), 15.2 times higher in the squamous carcinoma than in the ade-nocarcinoma patients (OR=15.200, 95%CI:4.480-51.569), 2.364 times higher in the lung biopsy specimens than in the surgically treated patients (OR=2.364, 95%CI:1.266-4.413), and 6.171 times higher in the patients with lowly expressed than in those with highly expressed TS (OR=6.171, 95%CI: 3.145-12.109). Conclusion The decreased expressions of TS and β-tubulin-Ⅲ in NSCLC indicate the mutation of the EGFR gene.

Sphingosine kinase (SphK), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and S1P receptor (S1PR) are involved in the tumor biological processes such as tumor cell proliferation and migration, and play an important role in the development of cancer. In recent years, researchers have increasingly focused on the interaction between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment is genetically stable and can be induced to an antitumor phenotype, which has significant therapeutic advantages. Studies have shown that SphK/S1P/S1PR can regulate multiple aspects of the tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes the effects of SphK and S1P/S1PR signaling on the tumor microenvironment from four perspectives: tumor immune microenvironment, cancer associated fibroblasts, tumor angiogenesis and tumor hypoxic microenvironment, and also outlines potential drug research related to these signal molecules, aiming to elucidate the role of SphK/S1P/S1PR in tumor occurrence and development and provide new ideas for the research of anti-tumor drugs.

HHLA2 is a newly discovered B7 family member.HHLA2 appears to have limited expression in normal tissues.TMIGD,one of the receptors HHLA2 is established.Similar to HHLA2,TMIGD2 is absent in mouse and rat while it is found in human and higher primates.HHLA2 with inhibition of CD4 and CD8 T cell proliferation,but also can inhibit the role of T cells secrete some cytokines.HHLA2 protein is absent in most normal tissues,but mainly expressed on epithelial cells of a few tissues.But HHLA2 is widely expressed in various human cancers such as lung cancer,breast cancer and osteosarcoma et al,that make HHLA2 might be a new target for human cancers immunotherapy.

AIM:To compare the clinical effect of 23G and 25G+ vitrectomy for treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).METHODS: A total of 128 PDR patients (195 eyes) requiring vitrectomy in our hospital from November 2013 to May 2016 were randomly divided into 25G+ group and 23G group, 64 cases (97 eyes) in 25G+ group and 64 cases (98 eyes) in 23G group.In 25G+ group, patients were treated by 25G+ vitrectomy.In 23G group, patients were treated by 23G vitrectomy.The visual acuity, as well as intraocular pressure (IOP), iatrogenic injury and complications in two groups were recorded before and 1d, 1wk, 1mo after treatment.The operation time was compared between two groups.RESULTS: The operation time in 25G+ group was lower than that in 23G group (P<0.05).The postoperative visual acuity at 1mo of two groups were improved compared with before surgery (P<0.01).However, visual acuity between two groups in the same period had no significant difference (P>0.05).IOP in 25G+ group before surgery had no significant difference compared with those after surgery at 1d,1wk, and 1mo(P>0.05), which it was the same in 23G group.IOP of two groups in the same period had no significant difference (P>0.05).The incidence rate of iatrogenic injury in 25G+ group was 4.1%, which was significant lower than that of 23G group (13.3%) (P<0.05).The incidence rate of complication in 25G+ group was 3.1%, which was significant lower than that of 23G group (11.2%) (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Both 23G and 25G+ vitrectomy are safe and effective treatment for PDR.However, 25G+ vitrectomy is the better choice for PDR for the shorter operation time, lower incidence rate of iatrogenic injury and fewer surgical complications.

OBJECTIVEs To assess the understanding degree of urologists for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and the clinical characteristics of BPH patients.

METHODSThe questionnaires was distributed to urologists and patients in 119 hospitals over the country, respectively. The urologist survey was mainly focused on the questions of BPH progression and therapeutic model. The patient survey was mainly focused on the questions of patient's age, symptom features and the preference to receiving treatment.

RESULTSThe evaluations based on 289 completed urologist questionnaires and 4253 completed patient questionnaires showed that 98.6% of urologists agreed that BPH was a progressive disease but there were still some differences in understanding the risk factors for BPH progression. Additionally, 98.1% of patients were diagnosed to be moderate or severe BPH, nocturia was the most frequent symptom. In the treatment for BPH, both the urologists and patients concerned about how to improve the system rapidly.

CONCLUSIONSThis study is the first questionnaires specifically to the urologists and BPH patients, the results would reflect the situations of BPH diagnosis and treatment in China and would be helpful to the development of BPH guideline.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Patients ; Physicians ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Animals ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; Carbon Tetrachloride ; Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Genetic Therapy ; methods ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor ; genetics ; pharmacology ; Hepatocytes ; cytology ; Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental ; therapy ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is one of major growth factors in the bone marrow microenvironments with which the proliferation, differentiation and migration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were closely contacted. However, its roles in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation and migration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells remain unclear. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of HGF on biological characteristics of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Expression of c-Met, the receptor for HGF was detected by immunohistochemistry assay, cell proliferation was determined by MTT, activity of ALP was quantitatively assayed, cell migration and anoikis-induced MSC apoptosis were analyzed. The results showed that HGF not influenced the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Treatment of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells with recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor resulted in inhibition of anoikis-induced apoptosis. HGF significantly stimulated the migration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Both PI-3 kinase and MAPK kinase were proved to be involved in HGF-induced migration. It is concluded that HGF/c-Met signal regulates the apoptosis and migration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
Anoikis ; drug effects ; Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Cell Movement ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met ; biosynthesis

The circadian clock is regulated at the molecular level by transcriptional-translational feedback loop of clock genes, which ensures that a variety of physiological processes have a-round 24 h circadian rhythms, including cell metabolism, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and tumorigenesis, to maintain the homeostasis. Thus, the disturbance of circadian clock will disrupt homeostasis, causing various diseases, including neoplasm, metabolic syndrome, Parkinson's disease, COPD and cardiovascular diseases. Disturbance of circadian clock is closely related with tumorigenesis, and acts on various molecules and pathways leading to tumorigenesis, including oncogene and tumor suppressor gene, cell cycle, metabolic reprogramming, immune escape, endocrine disruption, alteration of gastrointestinal microbiome. This review focuses on changes in clock genes expression which disrupt cell cycle and may play a role in tumorigenesis, and epi-geneties, an important way to regulate gene expression, which can alter clock gene expression, thus playing an important role in the process of " the alternation of clock gene expression-disruption of cell cycle-tumorigenesis".

OBJECTIVETo investigate the protective mechanism of geniposide, baicalin and berberine on hypoxia and reoxygenation injury in cultured rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells.

METHODA model of four hours hypoxia and twelve hours reoxygenation injury in rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells in vitro was established. The injured cells were treated with geniposide (0.128, 0.064, 0.032 mmol x L(-1)), baicalin (0.028, 0.014, 0.007 mmol L(-1)) and berberine (0.024, 0.012, 0.006 mmol L(-1)), respectively. The immunocytochemical method and techniques of image quantitative analysis were used to detect the mean optical density and mean area in order to match the protein expression of VCAM-1. The method of RT-PCR was adopted to observe and match the mRNA expression of VCAM-1.

RESULTAs compared with the normal group, the mean optical density, the mean area and the mRNA expression of VCAM-1 of model group were significant increased (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01). As compared with the model group, both the mean optical density and the mean area of all treated groups were decreased, and there was significant difference between them (P < 0.01, P < 0.01). As compared with normal group, the mean optical density of baicalin (0.007 mmol x L(-1)) and berberine (0.012, 0.006 mmol x L(-1)) were significant decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between the other groups and the normal group. As compared with normal group, the mean area of baicalin (0.0014 mmol x L(-1)) was significant decreased (P < 0.05), but there was significant difference between the other groups and the normal group. The mRNA expression of all treated groups was not only lower than that of the model group but also higher than that of the normal group (P < 0.05, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONThe results suggest that geniposide, baicalin and berberine, which are effective compositions of huanglian jiedu decoting, can protect hypoxia-reoxygenation injuried rat cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. One of the protected mechanisms is that they can inhibit the expression of VCAM-1.

Animals ; Berberine ; pharmacology ; Cell Hypoxia ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebrum ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Endothelium, Vascular ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Flavonoids ; pharmacology ; Gene Expression ; drug effects ; Humans ; Hypoxia ; drug therapy ; genetics ; metabolism ; Iridoids ; pharmacology ; Male ; Oxygen ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reperfusion Injury ; drug therapy ; genetics ; metabolism ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ; genetics ; metabolism

OBJECTIVEThe expanded programme on immunization (EPI) is an important part of the social commonwealth projects providing health care service by the government, which benefits communities. Government has the responsibility for EPI's financing which should be covered by the national budget. It is essential that the cost of EPI service be scientifically estimated to provide propriety information for policy makers.

METHODSThis study, using the cost accounting theory of health economics, to calculate EPI service cost at different levels. 3 provinces, 3 prefectures, 9 counties, 18 towns and 12 villages were selected from three provinces Guizhou, Heilongjiang and Zhejiang from the western, central and eastern regions of the country.

RESULTSThe average costs for one EPI-targeted child in Guizhou, Heilongjiang and Zhejiang, were 15.68 Yuan, 29.00 Yuan and 31.09 Yuan, and the costs for one dose were 10.99 Yuan, 18.64 Yuan and 16.51 Yuan, respectively. The costs for complete immunization program for one child were 131.88 Yuan, 242.32 Yuan and 280.67 Yuan, respectively. The main factors affecting the cost would include the average personnel cost (salary and benefit cost) by different economic levels of areas, the number of EPI items developed, and the number of total doses for one child.

CONCLUSION(1) Obvious differences were found between different areas. (2) The proportion of the cost was not reasonably set because of the shortage of input. (3) Guideline for different areas to compensate the working item cost according to the number of the items should be formulated.

China ; epidemiology ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Health Expenditures ; statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; economics ; organization & administration ; Population Surveillance ; methods ; Program Evaluation ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Vaccination ; statistics & numerical data