The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has not only impacted the paradigm of health care delivery, but also the education of future health care providers. Medical faculties are compelled to cease all face-to-face teaching considering the threat of the virus. The ramification of distant learning was heavily endured by primary care educators who not only train the undergraduates but also future family medicine specialists. We have discovered that as a medical educator, it is important to continuously evolve and adapt to current situation. Even in the absence of face-to-face teaching, the primary care curriculum can be successfully delivered using the online platform. Here, we describe the crises faced in this endeavour, the solutions that were undertaken, and the advantages of virtual teaching which we hope will add value to primary care medical education.

Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest global threat in modern medicine especially in lower-and middle-income countries (LMIC) as financial limitations and health literacy become barriers to an impactful health policy. The World Health Organization has urge for an improvement in the community antibiotic awareness through effective educational interventions. This study aims to identify the community’s attitude appropriateness, knowledge gaps, the relationship between antibiotic knowledge and attitude as well as factors associated with inappropriate attitude towards antibiotic among outpatients attending a primary care clinic. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study which was conducted among 256 respondents. Data collection was conducted for three months using a self-administered questionnaire which has been validated and translated. Results: It was found that the respondents’ mean attitude and knowledge score were 29.5 ± 4.19 and 5.94 ± 2.4 respectively. The highest inappropriate attitude response was expecting antibiotic from the doctor for common colds and the most frequent incorrect knowledge response was on the domain of role of antibiotics. There is a weak positive relationship between antibiotic knowledge and attitude (r=0.315, n=256, p=0.0001). Respondents with low education level and poor antibiotic knowledge were at least 2.5 times more likely to have inappropriate attitude when handling antibiotics. Conclusion: Antibiotic education should be incorporated in non-pharmacological measures of viral illnesses in primary care that is targeted among those with low education and poor antibiotic knowledge. The weak relationship between antibiotic knowledge and attitude suggest that health campaign should focus on behavioural change rather than a theoretical approach.

OBJECTIVETo understand the community structure of Rhombomys opimus parasitic fleas in the natural plague focus in Junggar Basin, so as to explain the relationship between the community structure and the prevalence of animal plague in this area.

METHODSThe body fleas of R.opimus which were collected in 2005-2010 from the Junggar Basin was analysed by community ecology method, an each clustered flea community was compared with information of pathogenic and serological indicators of animal plague epidemic by statistic method.

RESULTSThe community structure of R. opimus parasitic fleas included 19 species and was very complicated, with only 3 were identified as 'common' species but the others belonged to 'rare' species. Both the average richness and diversity of flea community were higher, as 1.66 and 1.5556, with dominance not obvious (0.332) and the homogeneity as moderate (0.5283). The community structure of R. opimus parasitic fleas could be changed by the following factors as: the rates of flea parasitic/flea index and the proportions of main fleas etc. The flea community could be divided into 5 clusters according to the above said elements. All these data showed that the fleas of R. opimus parasitic fleas possess the nature of multi-parasitism.

CONCLUSIONSThe community of R. opimus parasitic fleas existed heterogeneous of geographic region, and this phenomenon associated with the animal plague epidemic strength.

Animals ; Biota ; China ; epidemiology ; Gerbillinae ; parasitology ; Plague ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; Siphonaptera