Bacterial bloodstream infections (BSI) are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. This systematic review aimed to pool global data from leading transplant institutions and identify the overall incidence, risk factors, and causative organisms of BSI in pediatric liver transplant recipients. A systematic review of the PubMed and OVID databases was conducted from 2000 to 2022. The initial search yielded 252 unique articles, which were independently reviewed by 2 authors. Articles that reported pediatric-specific data on BSI in isolated liver transplant patients were included, including the incidence of BSI, isolated organisms, and involved risk factors involved. This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023403206). Fourteen articles from the United States, France, Iran, Japan, Korea, South Africa, Thailand, and Turkey were included. A total of 4,812 liver transplants were included in the final analysis. The mean patient age was 25 months (age range, 0–18 years), and 50.9% were male. The overall incidence of BSI was 23.5% (range, 14.7%–55%). The most commonly reported organisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus, Klebsiella spp., and Escherichia coli. Among the risk factors studied, postope rative biliary complications, a medical history of biliary atresia, and younger age were the risk factors most commonly associated with BSI. Bacterial BSI after pediatric liver transplantation occur at a high incidence, with a unique organism profile notable for a higher percentage of gram-negative organisms. Further studies are required to determine the most appropriate prophylactic and empirical antibiotic management strategies for this population.

Bacterial bloodstream infections (BSI) are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. This systematic review aimed to pool global data from leading transplant institutions and identify the overall incidence, risk factors, and causative organisms of BSI in pediatric liver transplant recipients. A systematic review of the PubMed and OVID databases was conducted from 2000 to 2022. The initial search yielded 252 unique articles, which were independently reviewed by 2 authors. Articles that reported pediatric-specific data on BSI in isolated liver transplant patients were included, including the incidence of BSI, isolated organisms, and involved risk factors involved. This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023403206). Fourteen articles from the United States, France, Iran, Japan, Korea, South Africa, Thailand, and Turkey were included. A total of 4,812 liver transplants were included in the final analysis. The mean patient age was 25 months (age range, 0–18 years), and 50.9% were male. The overall incidence of BSI was 23.5% (range, 14.7%–55%). The most commonly reported organisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus, Klebsiella spp., and Escherichia coli. Among the risk factors studied, postope rative biliary complications, a medical history of biliary atresia, and younger age were the risk factors most commonly associated with BSI. Bacterial BSI after pediatric liver transplantation occur at a high incidence, with a unique organism profile notable for a higher percentage of gram-negative organisms. Further studies are required to determine the most appropriate prophylactic and empirical antibiotic management strategies for this population.

Bacterial bloodstream infections (BSI) are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. This systematic review aimed to pool global data from leading transplant institutions and identify the overall incidence, risk factors, and causative organisms of BSI in pediatric liver transplant recipients. A systematic review of the PubMed and OVID databases was conducted from 2000 to 2022. The initial search yielded 252 unique articles, which were independently reviewed by 2 authors. Articles that reported pediatric-specific data on BSI in isolated liver transplant patients were included, including the incidence of BSI, isolated organisms, and involved risk factors involved. This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023403206). Fourteen articles from the United States, France, Iran, Japan, Korea, South Africa, Thailand, and Turkey were included. A total of 4,812 liver transplants were included in the final analysis. The mean patient age was 25 months (age range, 0–18 years), and 50.9% were male. The overall incidence of BSI was 23.5% (range, 14.7%–55%). The most commonly reported organisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus, Klebsiella spp., and Escherichia coli. Among the risk factors studied, postope rative biliary complications, a medical history of biliary atresia, and younger age were the risk factors most commonly associated with BSI. Bacterial BSI after pediatric liver transplantation occur at a high incidence, with a unique organism profile notable for a higher percentage of gram-negative organisms. Further studies are required to determine the most appropriate prophylactic and empirical antibiotic management strategies for this population.

Bacterial bloodstream infections (BSI) are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients. This systematic review aimed to pool global data from leading transplant institutions and identify the overall incidence, risk factors, and causative organisms of BSI in pediatric liver transplant recipients. A systematic review of the PubMed and OVID databases was conducted from 2000 to 2022. The initial search yielded 252 unique articles, which were independently reviewed by 2 authors. Articles that reported pediatric-specific data on BSI in isolated liver transplant patients were included, including the incidence of BSI, isolated organisms, and involved risk factors involved. This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023403206). Fourteen articles from the United States, France, Iran, Japan, Korea, South Africa, Thailand, and Turkey were included. A total of 4,812 liver transplants were included in the final analysis. The mean patient age was 25 months (age range, 0–18 years), and 50.9% were male. The overall incidence of BSI was 23.5% (range, 14.7%–55%). The most commonly reported organisms were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus, Klebsiella spp., and Escherichia coli. Among the risk factors studied, postope rative biliary complications, a medical history of biliary atresia, and younger age were the risk factors most commonly associated with BSI. Bacterial BSI after pediatric liver transplantation occur at a high incidence, with a unique organism profile notable for a higher percentage of gram-negative organisms. Further studies are required to determine the most appropriate prophylactic and empirical antibiotic management strategies for this population.

Objective To study the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infections in patients visiting outpatient department of a major tertiary care hospital in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan. Methods Blood samples were collected from non-hospitalized patients. Serological analysis was done by ELISA and viral DNA was amplified by PCR. The amplified DNA was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Results Altogether, 946 blood samples were screened, overall percentage of HBsAg-positive patients remained 22.41% (prevalence: 224.10/1 000; CI: 0.197 5 ± 0.250 7) with the highest incidence rates among relatively younger age groups (20–29 years). The prevalence of HBV–HDV co-infection was found to be 46.75/1 000; CI: 0.031 8 ± 0.061 7. In HBsAg-positive patients, anti-HBc-total was detected in 86.79% while 25.00% were positive for anti-HBc-immunoglobulin M. Similarly, among these patients, HBV DNA was detected in 64.13% and 10.85% were co-infected with HDV. Different symptoms were associated with the prevailing infection, including malaise (62%), anorexia (66%) and fatigue (73%). The most commonly associated symptom was abdominal discomfort. Among these patients, certain risk factors, including surgery, visit to dentist and intravenus infusions were frequently associated with the infection (χ