Objective To determine sexual function in 612 male addicts with methadone maintenance therapy (MMT),analyze its cause and explore the treatment strategies.Methods Self-made questionnaire and International Index of Erectile Function-5 ( IIEF-5 ) were used in 612male addicts receiving MMT.ResultsThe number of addicts who felt worse sexual function was significantly more than those who felt better sexual function (P ＜0.01 ).About 88.6％ addicts were dissatisfied with their current sexual function,90.7％ of whom were willing to continuously receive MMT.The number of addicts suffering from hyposexuality and erectile dysfunction (ED) was significantly increased at post-MMT than at pre-MMT ( P ＜ 0.01 ),while the number of addicts with normal sexuality and inhibitive ejaculation decreased significantly (P ＜0.01 ).Both the dose of methadone and the age of subjects were negatively correlated with IIEF-5 scores.Correlation between the duration of MMT and IIEF-5 scores was not found.ConclusionMMT might deteriorate sexual function in male addicts.To improve the compliance of MMT and sexual function in male addicts,the dose of methadone should be adjusted to minimally effective one.

Objective To understand the ecological developmental characteristics of rats in the epidemic areas of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) so as to provide a basis for effective control of HFRS.Methods Based on the China National Disease Surveillance Reporting and Management System,data of HFRS cases from 2010 to 2014 were collected and analyzed by retrospective analysis.Meanwhile surveillance data of rats were collected and the capture rates in different seasons,genders and districts were also analyzed.Results Totally 51,92,129,85 and 71 cases of HFRS were reported from 2010 to 2014.Most HFRS cases occurred from October to November which were 43,59,78,37 and 37,respectively.Totally 2902 rats were captured from 2010 to 2014.The five-year average capture rate was 4.87％ (2902/59610).The highest capture rate was 6.94％ (910/13107) in the third quarter and the outdoor capture rate (5.80％,1681/28987) was higher than that of indoor(3.99％,1221/30623,x2 =324.35,P ＜ 0.05).More male rats were captured than female rats and the overall proportion was 62.82％ (348/554) and 37.18％ (206/554),respectively.The outdoor rats were mainly Apodemus agrarius (556),Cricetulus triton (432),Rattus noruegicus (217),Mus musculus (211) and Sorex araneus (139),and the indoor rats were mainly Mus musculus (514),Rattus noruegicus (469) and Sorex araneus (181).The black rat disappeared and White-bellied rat appeared.Conclusions The rat density keeps higher all year round and the type of rats has become increasingly complex.Mixed living of indoor and outdoor rats increased the infection probability of different types of Hantavirus,which has an immediate impact on the spreading pattern of HFRS.

According to the basic principle and methods of welfare economics,we analyzed the necessity of appropriate health technology extension,the influence on efficiency and effect of health welfare in rural areas.Meanwhile,by the ideas of welfare economics,we put forward model of technology selection and multi-channel supply mechanism for appropriate health technology extension in rural areas.

Objective:To investigate the regulatory effects of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) on the activity of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) and apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).Methods:HUVECs were taken as the research object.The endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) short hairpin RNA(shRNA) lentivirus was employed to transfect HUVECs to knock down eNOS.HUVECs were divided in 4 groups: the scramble group, the eNOS shRNA group, the eNOS shRNA + sodium nitroprusside(SNP) group and the eNOS shRNA+ SNP+ tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP) group.The protein expressions of eNOS and SOD1 dimer/monomer in cells were detected by western blot.The activity of SOD was detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The NO content in cells was detected with NO fluorescence probe.The level of superoxide anion in HUVECs was detected with dihydropyridine (DHE). The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay was adopted to detect the apoptosis of HUVECs in situ.Results:Compared with the scramble group, the endogenous NO content (2.690±0.420 vs.15.029±2.193, P<0.01), eNOS protein expression (1.000±0.778 vs.3.141±0.199, P<0.01), SOD1 dimer/monomer ratio (4.6±1.0 vs.7.6±2.0, P<0.05) and SOD activity [(0.432±0.254) Carmen′s unit/10 4 cell vs.(1.000±0.116) Carmen′s unit/10 4 cell, P<0.01] were significantly decreased, while the level of intracellular superoxide anion (11.180±1.560 vs.6.146±1.007, P<0.01) and HUVECs apoptosis [75.0 (55.0, 100.0)% vs.0 (0, 0)%, P<0.01] were significantly increased in the eNOS shRNA group.Compared with the eNOS shRNA group, the content of endogenous NO (16.705±0.116 vs.2.690±0.420, P<0.01), the ratio of SOD1 dimer/monomer (7.3±2.0 vs.4.6±1.0, P<0.05) and the activity of SOD [(0.737±0.060) Carmen′s unit/10 4 cell vs.(0.432±0.254) Carmen′s unit/10 4 cell, P<0.05] were significantly increased, while the level of superoxide anion (6.897±1.648 vs.11.180±1.560, P<0.01) and the HUVECs apoptosis [0 (0, 0)% vs.75.0 (55.0, 100.0)%, P<0.01] were significantly decreased in the eNOS shRNA+ SNP group.Compared with the eNOS shRNA + SNP group, the ratio of SOD1 dimer/monomer (4.4±0.9 vs.7.3±2.0, P<0.05) and the activity of SOD [(0.214±0.084) Carmen′s unit/10 4 cell vs.(0.737±0.060) Carmen′s unit/10 4 cell, P<0.01] were significantly decreased, while the level of superoxide anion (10.917±1.552 vs.6.897±1.640, P<0.01) and the apoptosis level of HUVECs[63.6 (55.0, 90.0)% vs.0 (0, 0)%, P<0.01] were significantly increased in the eNOS shRNA+ SNP+ TCEP group.However, there was no significant difference in the NO content (16.112±0.926 vs.16.705±0.116, P>0.05). Conclusions:Endogenous NO could effectively antagonize the apoptosis of endothelial cells by increasing the cysteine-dependent SOD1 dimer/monomer ratio, enhancing SOD activity and inhibiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species.

Objective To grasp the general situation of patent application and authorization of 77 medical and health institutions in Zhejaing,to provide reference and basis for promoting the patent application and conversion.Methods Patent data were searched through Bai Teng net patent database,and SPSS 19.0 was used for statistical analysis.Results The total number of patent application showed a trend of generally rise.There were 1430 valid invention patents in total,among which 264 were invention patents and 1166 utility model patents.The total number of patens as well as invention patents were positive correlated to province GDP GDP and doctors per thousand population (r=0.824,0.812,0.784,0.771 respectively,P＜0.001).The rate of collaborative patent application was 6.28％,and there was a significant difference (α=0.05/3,P＜0.001) in the collaborative patent applications around Hangzhou,provincial and other cities medical and health institutions.Conclusions The total number of patents in 77 medical and health institutions in Zhejaing has reached a certain scale,and the number of patents increase with the economic development and the number of doctors per thousand population.The effective patents present in concentrating in regions,and the proportion of invention patents was low.