OBJECTIVETo review the recent progress of multilayer stents in treating arterial aneurysms and to draw an initial conclusion about its paradigm.

DATA SOURCESPubMed database and ELSEVIER database were searched with the keywords "cardiatis" or "multilayer stent" for relevant articles from January 2008 to September 2012. Relevant websites (provided by Cardiatis) were also involved in the review process.

STUDY SELECTIONWell-controlled, relatively large-scale, retrospective studies as well as meaningful individual cases were all selected as materials.

RESULTSA total of 23 articles were involved in this review. The newly introduced Cardiatis multilayer stent aims at creating an active flow-modulating barrier between normal blood flow and aneurismal sac, which can induce thrombosis within aneurismal sac and preserve collateral circulation at the same time. Currently, it has been applied for complicated aneurysms located in different segments of the arterial system.

CONCLUSIONThis new concept of multilayer uncovered stent offers a promising alterative in the treatment of arterial aneurysms. However, a further large-scale clinical and hemodynamic study is required to evaluate the long-term effects.

Aneurysm ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Databases, Factual ; Hemodynamics ; physiology ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Stents

The most appropriate time to introduce androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer remains controversial. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of early versus delayed surgical castration on prostate cancer progression and survival in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. TRAMP mice were randomly divided into three groups: the early castration group (on which castration was performed at the age of 4 weeks), the delayed castration group (on which castration was performed when abdominal tumours could be palpated), and the sham-castrated group. Mice were monitored daily throughout their lives until cancer-related death or the development of an obviously moribund appearance, at which time the individual mouse was killed. Androgen receptor expression in prostate tumours was also evaluated. The results shows that the average lifespan in early castration, delayed castration and sham-castrated groups were 54.1 weeks, 59.9 weeks and 39.1 weeks, respectively. Both early castration and delayed castration conferred a statistically significant survival advantage when compared with the sham-castrated group (P<0.001). However, the difference in lifespan between the early castration group and the delayed castration group was not statistically significant (P=0.85). The increase in lifespan in the TRAMP mice that received either early or delayed castration correlated with lower G/B value (genitourinary tract weight/body weight) at death than the sham-castrated mice. In conclusion, early and delayed castrations in TRAMP mice prolonged survival to a similar extent. This finding may provide a guide for clinical practice in prostate cancer therapy.
Adenocarcinoma ; mortality ; pathology ; surgery ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Disease Models, Animal ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Orchiectomy ; Organ Size ; Prostate ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; mortality ; pathology ; surgery ; Receptors, Androgen ; metabolism ; Time Factors ; Transgenes ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate thoracic aortic longitudinal elastic strength in β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) treated rat model of aortic dissection (AD).

METHODSTwenty-nine young rats (Sprague-Dawley) were divided into tow groups, control group (n = 12) and BAPN group (n = 17). Seventeen rats were treated with 0.25% BAPN mixed in feed for 6 weeks. All the rats were sacrificed in the end of experiment and aorta was harvested for biomechanical and pathological study. Longitudinal elastic strength and stress were detected and analyzed by material testing machine. Elasticity modulus as well as maximum stretching length, draw ratio, maximum load, maximum strength, and maximum extensibility was calculated according to the analysis with thickness and area of aortic media.

RESULTSNine BAPN-treated rats died of aortic dissecting aneurysm rupture during the experiment. The diameter of the aneurysms was (6.33 ± 1.17) mm and the length was (9 ± 5) mm. The maximum diameter significantly increased in BAPN-induced rats with AD (group B2) compared with without AD (group B1) and control group ((6.49 ± 1.20) mm vs. (1.45 ± 0.11), (1.25 ± 0.26); F = 165.257, P = 0.001 and 0.000, respectively), but there was no significance between group B1 and control group (P = 0.108). Thickness and area of aortic media in BAPN-induced rats significantly increased compared with control group (F = 27.277 and 27.153, P = 0.000 and 0.000, respectively), but there was no significance of area between group B1 and B2 (P = 0.540). Maximum stretching length, draw ratio, maximum load, maximum strength maximum extensibility and elasticity modulus were significantly decreased from group B2, group B1 to control group (P < 0.01, respectively).

CONCLUSIONSThis study built a successful model of AD. Biomechanical analysis and the decrease of maximum stretching length, draw ratio, maximum load, maximum strength maximum extensibility and elasticity modulus may explain the formation of AD partly.

Aminopropionitrile ; pharmacology ; Aneurysm, Dissecting ; chemically induced ; Animals ; Aorta ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Disease Models, Animal ; Elastic Modulus ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

BACKGROUND: Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) have been reported to improve wound healing. However, type I collagen secreted by ADMSCs will contribute to scar formation. Therefore, inhibiting type I collagen secretion from ADMSCs will strengthen its clinical application. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3on secretion of type I collagen by ADMSCs and its mechanism. METHODS: Human ADMSCs were isolated by collagenase digestion, and identified by flow cytometry. ADMSCs at passage 4 were cultured in DMEM/F12 medium containing different concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D3(10-7, 10-8, 10-9, 10-10and 0 mol/L) respectively for 4 days. Then, the concentration of type I collagen in cell supernatant was measured by ELISA. Real-time PCR and western blot were used to detect the expression of Smad3 at mRNA and protein levels and phosphorylated protein Smad3 level in ADMSCs cultured with and without 1,25(OH)2D3. To analyze the contribution of Smad3 to the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3, Smad3 inhibitor was added to culture medium 30 minutes before adding 1,25(OH)2D3, and type I collagen in cell supernatant was detected by ELISA at 4 days after addition of SMAD3 inhibitor. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 1,25(OH)2D3inhibited the secretion of type I collagen by ADMSCs in a dose-dependent manner. The results of real-time PCR and western blot showed that the expression of Smad3 was upregulated by 1,25(OH)2D3, and the results of western blot showed that the phosphorylated Smad3 protein level in ADMSCs was significantly increased by 1,25(OH)2D3. Moreover, the inhibition of type I collagen secretion by 1,25(OH)2D3could be blocked by Smad3 inhibitor. These results indicate that 1,25(OH)2D3can inhibit the secretion of type I collagen from ADMSCs by up-regulating the expression of Smad3.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; HIV Infections ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Liver Diseases ; physiopathology ; virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult

BACKGROUNDMost of endovascular stent-graft modifications to preserve side branch must be customized according to extensive pre-operative assessment, which may not be possible in many hospitals and emergency settings. The study was to develop a novel stent-grafts system that would allow in situ "fenestration", with less reliance on preoperative imaging.

METHODSThe magnitude of pressure difference (PD) between left subclavian artery (LSA) and aortic arch were measured in 12 experimental pigs. Changes of PD before and after LSA was covered were analyzed respectively. The novel stent graft was made by multi-dimensional and multiple textiles forming technology. According to the PD measurement in pigs, we evaluated the feasibility of the stent-graft in a mock circulation system.

RESULTSIn pigs, the blood pressure of aortic arch was significantly higher than that of LSA after it was covered (P < 0.001) and PD was (42.78 ± 5.17) mmHg. After target vessel was covered and when PD between the LSA and aorta reached the magnitude measured in pigs, contrast media oozed from the cranny of graft to the LSA, which was generated by sliding and deformation of yarns of novel stent-graft.

CONCLUSIONSThe study proposes the design of pressure difference-induced perforation aortic stent-grafts system and verifies that the PD between LSA and aortic arch is high enough to allow in situ "fenestration" by stent graft made by multi-dimensional and multiple textiles forming technology.

Animals ; Aorta, Thoracic ; surgery ; Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Blood Vessel Prosthesis ; Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation ; Prosthesis Design ; Subclavian Artery ; Swine

OBJECTIVETo investigate the oxidative damage to lung tissue and peripherial blood in PM2.5-treated rats.

METHODSPM2.5 samples were collected using an auto-sampling instrument in summer and winter. Treated samples were endotracheally instilled into rats. Activity of reduced glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) were used as oxidative damage biomarkers of lung tissue and peripheral blood detected with the biochemical method. DNA migration length (microm) and rate of tail were used as DNA damage biomarkers of lung tissue and peripheral blood detected with the biochemical method.

RESULTSThe activity of GSH-Px and the concentration of MDA in lung tissue significantly decreased after exposure to PM2.5 for 7-14 days. In peripheral blood, the concentration of MDA decreased, but the activity of GSH-Px increased 7 and 14 days after experiments. The two indicators had a dose-effect relation and similar changing tendency in lung tissue and peripheral blood. The DNA migration length (microm) and rate of tail in lung tissue and peripheral blood significantly increased 7 and 14 days after exposure to PM2.5. The two indicators had a dose-effect relation and similar changing tendency in lung tissue and peripheral blood.

CONCLUSIONPM2.5 has a definite oxidative effect on lung tissue and peripheral blood. The activity of GSH-Px and the concentration of MDA are valuable biomarkers of oxidative lung tissue damage induced by PM2.5. The DNA migration length (microm) and rate of tail are simple and valuable biomarkers of PM2.5-induced DNA damage in lung tissues and peripheral blood. The degree of DNA damage in peripheral blood can predict the degree of DNA damage in lung tissue.

Animals ; DNA Damage ; drug effects ; Drug Administration Routes ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Lung ; drug effects ; pathology ; Lung Diseases ; blood ; chemically induced ; pathology ; Male ; Oxidative Stress ; Particle Size ; Particulate Matter ; administration & dosage ; toxicity ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Seasons

OBJECTIVETo report 2 cases of prostatic abscess and review the current characteristics of prostatic abscess in China.

METHODSTwo cases of prostatic abscess were reported, and a meta-analysis was made of the literature from the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure database and Wanfang Data in recent 10 years.

RESULTSBoth the cases had a high glucose level, and one of them had received instrumental examination of the lower urinary tract prior to the problem, both with difficult defecation, severe perineal pain and high fever, with normal peripheral white blood cell count and negative urine routine. One case of abscess was confirmed by MRI, ruptured into urethra and cured by antibiotics. The other case was confirmed by transrectal ultrasound and CT and cured by transrectal ultrasound guided needle aspiration. Meta-analysis showed that the predisposed factors were diabetes mellitus, the indwelling catheter and instrumentation of the lower urinary tract. Major pathogens were staphylococci aureus and Escherichia coli. For most patients, the diagnosis was mainly established by ultrasonography and the treatment included needle aspiration or surgery.

CONCLUSIONThe clinical symptoms of prostatic abscess are not typically presented and the differential diagnosis may be difficult. Imaging investigation is helpful, and transrectal ultrasonography can be used for both diagnosis and treatment.

Abscess ; diagnosis ; Adult ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prostatic Diseases ; diagnosis

BACKGROUNDPDK1 is an essential protein kinase that plays a critical role in mammalian development. Mouse lacking PDK1 leads to multiple abnormalities and embryonic lethality at E9.5. To elucidate the role of PDK1 in the heart, we investigated the cardiac phenotype of mice that lack PDK1 in the heart in different growth periods and the alteration of PDK1 signaling in human failing heart.

METHODSWe employed Cre/loxP system to generate PDK1(flox/flox): α-MHC-Cre mice, which specifically deleted PDK1 in cardiac muscle at birth, and tamoxifen-inducible heart-specific PDK1 knockout mice (PDK1(flox/flox):MerCreMer mice), in which PDK1 was deleted in myocardium in response to the treatment with tamoxifen. Transmural myocardial tissues from human failing hearts and normal hearts were sampled from the left ventricular apex to analyze the activity of PDK1/Akt signaling pathways by Western blotting.

RESULTSPDK1(flox/flox): α-MHC-Cre mice died of heart failure at 5 and 10 weeks old. PDK1(flox/flox) -MerCreMer mice died of heart failure from 5 to 21 weeks after the initiation of tamoxifen treatment at 8 weeks old. We found that expression levels of PDK1 in human failing heart tissues were significantly decreased compared with control hearts.

CONCLUSIONOur results suggest that PDK1 signaling network takes part in regulating cardiac viability and function in mice, and may be also involved in human heart failure disease.

3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Adult ; Animals ; Female ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 ; physiology ; Heart ; physiology ; Heart Failure ; enzymology ; etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Middle Aged ; Myosin Heavy Chains ; physiology ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Tamoxifen ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the capability of multidetector CT (MDCT) for the diagnosis of arterioportal shunt (APS) associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODSTwo hundred and eighty-two patients with HCC were examined by both enhanced thin slice MDCT scanning in early hepatic arterial phase, late hepatic arterial phase, portal venous phase and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The criteria for diagnosis of APS: (1) Earlier enhancement or stronger opacification of main portal trunk and/or the first order branches compared with that of superior mesenteric vein or splenic vein; (2) Earlier enhancement or stronger opacification of the second order and smaller portal venous branches compared with that of main portal trunk. The presence and degree of APS demonstrated with MDCT and DSA were analysed by double blind method.

RESULTSIn 282 HCC patients, 56 were complicated with APS. MDCT demonstrated central APS in 48 patients with 41 severe and 7 moderate shunt, one revealing no APS by DSA due to the giant HCC focus. Among 7 patients with light peripheral APS, two lesions were not revealed by DSA due to faint shunt and the last lesion in the patient with mixed APS was revealed both by APS and DSA.

CONCLUSIONMultidetector CT was a simple, effective and noninvasive new technique for the diagnosis of arterioportal shunt associated with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Adult ; Aged ; Angiography, Digital Subtraction ; Arteriovenous Fistula ; diagnostic imaging ; etiology ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Hepatic Artery ; abnormalities ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Portal Vein ; abnormalities ; diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, Spiral Computed ; methods