Noroviruses are members of Caliciviridae family and are now the most commonly reported cause of outbreaks of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide.Noroviruses gastroenteritis is difficult to control owing to the lack of a suitable antiviral agent or a vaccine to prevent infection.The tremendous disease burden of norovirus-associated gastroenteritis calls for an efficient preventive and therapeutic drugs.This review summarized the anti-noroviruses strategies targeting the nons-structural proteins,structural protein and so on.

Objective To investigate the correlation between the NADPH oxidase p22phox-A930G polymorphism and hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in Chinese Han population in Shanghai area.Methods The patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage and normal controls were enrolled.The polymerase chain reaction and the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) were used to detect the genotypes and alleles of NADPH oxidase p22phox-A930G.Results A total of 128 patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage and 151 healthy controls were enrolled.The levels of systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,glucose,and triacylglycerol,as well as the proportions of smoking and alcohol consumption in patients of the hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage group were significantly higher than those of the control group (all P＜ 0.05).There were significant differences in AA,AG,and GG genotypes (42.2％,44.5％,and 13.3％ vs.63.6％,27.8％,and 8.6％,x2 =12.757,P =0.002) and in A and G allele (64.5％ and 35.5％ vs.77.5％ and 22.5％ ;x2 =8.734,P=0.001) frequencies between the hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage group and the control group.Multivariatelogistic regression analysis showed that systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa) (odds ratio [OR] 13.952,95％ confidence interval [CI] 7.242-26.879; P ＜ 0.001),apolipoprotein A ≥ 0.99 mmol/L (OR 3.139,95％ CI 1.012-9.733; P =0.048),and AG +GG genotype (OR 2.333,95％ CI 1.253-4.342; P=0.008) were the independent risk factors for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.Conclusions Among the Chinese Han population in Shanghai area,the NADPH oxidase p22phox-A930G polymorphism is an independent risk factor for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused oxidative stress plays an important role in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis,and it is associated with the occurrence of ischemic cerebrovaseular diseases.This article reviews the mechanism of action of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in atherosclerosis and ischemic cerebrovascular disease,and the neuroprotective effects of NADPH oxidase inhibitors.

Objective To explore the relationship between polymorphism of G-protein ?3 subunit (GNB3) gene and the emotion trait of chest stuffiness and pains patient. Methods The GNB3 gene type in 27 patients of depression of chest stuffiness and pains, 40 patients of no depression of chest stuffiness and pains, and 20 patients of healthy subjects (control) was determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment incision enzyme, and score of depression was evaluated. Result Occurrence of depression in chest stuffiness and pains was significantly higher than that in control (P

EphA1,the first member of the Eph receptor tyrosine kinase family,not only plays a pivotal role in embryonic development and angiogenesis,but also expresses in some types of adult human tissues.Its specific characteristics of Eph/ephrin binding and the Eph/ephrin signaling transduction are fundamentally involved in tumor initiation,progression and metastasis.The expression levels of EphA1 vary considerably in different types of normal tissues and tumors,or even in different phases of tumor development,suggestive of its functional pluralism.Intensive studies of EphA1 on angiogenesis,carcinogenesis and metastasis may provide a method for the early diagnosis and a potential target for the treatment of cancers.

Castleman's disease(CD),known as giant lymph node hyperplasia,is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder,whose etiology has not been definitively established.Clinically CD is categorized into unicentric and multicentric,and histologically,subdivided into three subtypes,hyaline vascular variant,plasma cell variant and mixed variant.Different variants usually require inconsistent therapeutic measures and have different prognoses.The present paper gives an overview of the pathogenesis,treatment and prognosis of CD,with emphasis on the stroma-rich variant,a special subtype of CD of the hyaline vascular variant.

OBJECTIVE: Factors that result in systemic osteoporosis will also affect maxillofacial bones for the latter is a component of skeleton. Present studies are being focused on how is the effect of the drugs that are used to treat systemic osteoporosis on maxillofacial bones. In this article we reviewedclinical and experimental studies about the drugs that acts on maxillomandibular and alveolar bone loss in order to find treatment for maxillofacial bone loss.DATA SOURCES: Medline was searched from January 1999 to October 2001 for English literatures with the searching words of "osteoporosis,mandible, bisphosphonates, herb, estradiol." And Chinese journal database was also searched from January 1995 to December 2004 for Chinese literatures with the searching words of "osteoporosis, mandible, bisphosphonates,herb estradiol"DATA SELECTION: The literatures of therapeutic and controlled studies were chosen, from which the non-random trials and repeated ones were excluded. The full texts of the remaining literatures were found and those of random and controlled trials were included in this review.DATA EXTRACTION: Seventeen literatures that were about random trials on the treatment of maxillofacial bone loss were collected. Thirteen of these 17 were included in this review and 4 of repeated trials were excluded.DATA SYNTHESIS: The subjects in the 17 literatures were all patients with osteoporosis that were in compatible with diagnosis standard. Drugs that act by inhibiting bone resorption, increasing bone mass and ameliorating bone quality were used. The effects of the drugs were compared and analyzed in perspective of the density, mass and strength of bone.CONCLUSION: Medicines for systemic osteoporosis are effective in ameliorating maxillomandibular bone structure, delaying alveolar bone resorption and promoting new bone formation.

Whole-genome sequencing of bacteria has recently emerged as a cost-effective and convenient approach for resolving many microbiological questions.Here, the current status of whole-genome sequencing in clinical microbiology and the main problems that exist were reviewed, focusing on six essential tasks: identifying and culturing the species of an isolate, rapid identification of pathogen properties, monitoring the emergence and spread of an epidemic outbreak, developing vaccine and monitoring its variation,metagenomics and single-cell sequencing.The authors predicted that the application of whole-genome sequencing will soon be sufficiently fast, accurate and cheap to be used in routine etiological detection, even though there is still a long way to go.

Objective To investigate the change of serum prealbumin (PA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in burn patients and its clinical significance.Methods Sixty eight cases of burn patients were divided into two groups,group Ⅰ [n=38,with total burn surface area less than 15% of total body surface area (TBSA)] and groupⅡ(n=30,with total burn surface area more than 50% of TBSA). Thirty healthy people were set as healthy control group. Particle enhanced immunoturbidimetic assay was applied to detecting the serum levels of PA and CRP for all subjects on the day 1 after burns.Results The CRP level was much higher and serum level of PA was much lower in group Ⅱ than that of group Ⅰ,respectively. There existed significant negative correlation between PA and CRP level.Conclusion The level of serum PA decreases significantly along with total burn surface area expansion. PA can be used as a sensitive marker for estimation of inflammation degree after burns.

Objective To elucidate the regulate role of the guava leaf on the levels of IFN-? and IL-2 in the salivary juice on children patients with noroviruses diarrhea. Method 50 patients with noroviruses diarrhea was grouped randomly to group A (30 patients), which was treated with guava leaf and group B (20 patients), which was treated with Smecta, and 20 health children was randomly choiced as normal control group. The levels of IFN-? and IL-2 in the salivary juice of the three groups were determined and compared before and after the treatments. Results The levels of IFN-? and IL-2 in the group A and B before the treatments were higher than the normal control group (P